APUSH | Unit 4 - Period 4: 1800-1848

Midnight Judges

Nickname given to the group of federal judges appointed by John Adams the night before he left office.

Marbury v. Madison

Supreme Court case involving the Midnight Judges that established the power of Judicial Review

Judicial Review

Allows the Supreme Court to determine the constitutionality of laws

John Marshall

Chief Justice of the Supreme Court appointed by John Adams

Louisiana Purchase

Territory in western United States purchased from France in 1803 for $15 million; nearly doubled the size of the United States

Lewis and Clark Expedition

An expedition sent by Thomas Jefferson to explore the northwestern territories of the United States, identify new plants and animals, locate Native American tribes, map the terrain, and find a route to the Pacific Ocean

Barbary Pirates

North Africans who attacked American ships and tried to ransom American sailors during Thomas Jefferson's presidency

Embargo Act of 1807

Act passed by Congress and President Jefferson prohibiting American ships from leaving for any foreign port

Battle of Tippecanoe

1811 battle in which Tecumseh and the Prophet's tribes are crushed by General Harrison when they try to unite multiple tribes for self-defense

Tecumseh

a famous chief of the Shawnee who tried to unite Indian tribes against increasing white settlement (1768-1813)

William Henry Harrison

An American military leader, politician, the ninth President of the United States, and the first President to die in office. His death created a brief Constitutional crisis, but ultimately resolved many questions about presidential succession left unanswered by the Constitution until passage of the 25th Amendment. Led US forces in the Battle of Tippecanoe.

War of 1812

War between the U.S. and Great Britain caused by England's use of impressment, inciting the Native Americans, and the refusal of Red Coats to leave the United States; ended with a renewed sense of American nationalism

War Hawks

Southern and Westerners during Madison's presidency who pressed for war with Britain

Henry Clay

A northern American politician. He developed the American System as well as negotiated numerous compromises, ran for president five times and was a War Hawk during the War of 1812

Impressment

British practice of taking American sailors and forcing them into military service

Andrew Jackson

The seventh President of the United States (1829-1837), who as a general in the War of 1812 defeated the British at New Orleans (1815). As president he opposed the Bank of America, objected to the right of individual states to nullify disagreeable federal laws, and increased the presidential powers.

Battle of New Orleans

A battle in 1815 between American and British troops for control of the Mississippi River, ending in an American victory; was won after the treaty was signed

Hartford Convention

Meeting of Federalists near the end of the War of 1812 in which the party listed it's complaints against the ruling Republican Party. These actions were largely viewed as traitorous to the country and lost the Federalist much influence

Treaty of Ghent

Treaty that ended the War of 1812 and maintained prewar conditions (antebellum status quo)

James Monroe

The 5th President of the United States (1817-1825); His administration was marked by the Era of Good Feelings, the acquisition of Florida, the Missouri Compromise, and the profession of the Monroe Doctrine

Era of Good Feelings

A name for President Monroe's two terms, a period of strong nationalism, economic growth, and territorial expansion. Since the Federalist party dissolved after the War of 1812, there was only one political party and few partisan conflicts.

Missouri Compromise

An agreement in 1820 between pro-slavery and anti-slavery factions in the United States concerning the extension of slavery into new territories; Missouri joined the union as a slave state, Maine joined as a free state, and slavery was prohibited in all other areas north of the 36-30 line.

Adam-Onis Treaty (1819)

Treaty in which Spain cedes all of Florida to the U.S. but in return U.S. would give up claims to Texas

Monroe Doctrine

A statement of foreign policy which proclaimed that Europe should not interfere in affairs within the United States or in the development of other countries in the Western Hemisphere.

American System

Economic program advanced by Henry Clay that included support for a national bank, high tariffs, and internal improvements; emphasized strong role for the federal government in the economy.

Corrupt Bargain

Refers to the claim from the supporters of Andrew Jackson that John Quincy Adams and Henry Clay had worked out a deal to ensure that Adams was elected president by the House of Representatives in 1824.

Market Revolution

Drastic changes in transportation (canals, RRs), communication (telegraph), and the production of goods (more in factories as opposed to houses) that occurred in the early 1800s.

National Road

A federally funded road, stretching from Cumberland, Maryland, to Vandalia, Illinois

Robert Fulton

American inventor who designed the first commercially successful steamboat

Erie Canal

An artificial waterway connecting the Hudson River at Albany with Lake Erie at Buffalo, New York

Samuel Slater

"Father of the Factory System" in America who escaped Britain with the memorized plans for textile machinery

Lowell System

The use of water powered textile mills that employed young unmarried women in the 1800's

Spoils System

A system of public employment based on rewarding party loyalists and friends.

Democratic Party

One of the two major U.S political party;founded in 1828 by Andrew Jackson to support a decentralized government and state's rights

Whigs

Political Party led by Henry Clay; Favored the national bank, the American System and a strong legislative branch

Indian Removal Act

Passed in 1830, authorized Andrew Jackson to negotiate land-exchange treaties with tribes living east of the Mississippi. The treaties enacted under this act's provisions paved the way for the reluctant—and often forcible—emigration of tens of thousands of American Indians to the West.

Worcester v Georgia

Supreme Court ruling that the Cherokee nation was a distinct community in which the laws of Georgia had no force

Trail of Tears

The forced removal of Cherokees and other eastern tribes to lands west of the Mississippi River; 25% of the Natives died en route

Tariff of Abominations

Tariff passed by Congress in 1828 that favored manufacturing in the North and was hated by the South

Nullification

A state's refusal to recognize an act of Congress that it considers unconstitutional

Force Bill

Bill that authorized the use of the military against belligerent states when South Carolina nullified the Tariff of Abominations

Pet Banks

State banks where Andrew Jackson placed deposits removed from the federal National Bank.

Panic of 1837

When Jackson was president, many state banks received government money that had been withdrawn from the Bank of the U.S. These banks issued paper money and financed wild speculation, especially in federal lands. Jackson issued the Specie Circular to force the payment for federal lands with gold or silver. Many state banks collapsed as a result causing a panic. The Bank of the U.S. failed, cotton prices fell, businesses went bankrupt, and there was widespread unemployment and distress.

Log Cabin and Hard Cider Campaign

Term for the 1840 presidential campaign when William Henry Harrison, the Whig candidate tried to portray his down-home heritage and attack Martin Van Buren as an aristocrat

Mormons

Church founded by Joseph Smith in 1830 with headquarters in Salt Lake City, Utah; moved from IL to UT

John Deere

American blacksmith responsible for inventing the steel plow which made plowing farmland in the west easier

Cyrus McCormick

Inventor of the mechanical reaper that replaced scythes as the preferred method of cutting crops for harvest

Horace Mann

United States educator who introduced reforms that significantly altered the system of public education

Normal Schools

Teacher-training schools

Second Great Awakening

A second religious fervor that swept the nation in the early 1800s. It also had an effect on moral movements such as prison reform, the temperance movement, and abolition

Temperance

Abstinence from alcoholic drink

Dorothea Dix

Dedicated to improving conditions for the mentally ill and prisoners

American Colonization Society

Formed in 1817, it purchased a tract of land in Liberia and returned free Blacks to Africa.

William Lloyd Garrison

Prominent American abolitionist, journalist and social reformer. Editor of radical abolitionist newspaper "The Liberator," and one of the founders of the American Anti-Slavery Society.

Abolition

Movement to end slavery

Hudson River School of Art

Landscape painters, inspired by the earth's natural beauty; achieved fame by painting romantic landscapes.

Ralph Waldo Emerson

American transcendentalist who was against slavery and stressed self-reliance, optimism, self-improvement, self-confidence, and freedom.

Henry David Thoreau

American transcendentalist who was against a government that supported slavery. He wrote down his beliefs in Walden. He started the movement of civil-disobedience when he refused to pay the toll-tax to support him Mexican War.

Transcendentalism

A nineteenth-century movement which held that every individual can reach ultimate truths through spiritual intuition, which transcends reason and sensory experience.

Seneca Falls Convention

Took place in upstate New York in 1848; Women of all ages and even some men went to discuss the rights and conditions of women. There, they wrote the Declaration of Sentiments, which among other things, tried to get women the right to vote.

Elizabeth Cady Stanton

A prominent advocate of women's rights, She organized the 1848 Seneca Falls Convention with Lucretia Mott

Susan B. Anthony

An American social reformer and feminist who played a pivotal role in the women's suffrage movement.

Declaration of Sentiments

Document modeled after the Declaration of Independence that listed the injustices towards women

Eli Whitney

Inventor of the cotton gin and use of interchangeable parts

Nativism

A policy of favoring native-born individuals over foreign-born ones

Peculiar Institution

Widely used term for the institution of American slavery in the South.

Republican Wife and Mother

Ideal of family organization and female behavior after the American Revolution that stressed the role of women in guiding family members toward republican virtue.

Frederick Douglass

(1817-1895) American abolitionist and writer, he escaped slavery and became a leading African American spokesman and writer. He published his biography, and founded the abolitionist newspaper, the North Star.

Nat Turner's Rebellion (1831)

Virginia slave revolt that resulted in the deaths of sixty whites and raised fears among white Southerners of further uprisings.

Led to new legislation making it unlawful to teach slaves, free blacks, or mulattoes to read or write.

John C. Calhoun

South Carolina Senator - advocate for state's rights, limited government, and nullification; led South Carolina's nullification of the Tariff of Abominations.

Bank of the United States

A national bank funded by the federal government and wealthy investors; was destroyed by Andrew Jackson during the Bank War when he vetoed the recharter and removed all national funds to Pet Banks

Suffrage

The right to vote