Chapter 2-med terminology

anabolism

anabolism

process of building up large proteins from small protein pieces (amino acids)

ana= up

bol= cast

ism=process

catabolism

process whereby complex nutrients are broken down to simpler substances and energy is released

cata= down

bol=cast

ism=process

cell membrane

structure surrounding and protecting the cell

determines what enters and leaves the cell

chromosomes

rod shaped structures in the nucleus that contains regions of DNA called genes

there are 46 chromosomes (23 pairs) in every cell except sperm and egg cells that only contain 23 individual unpaired chromosomes

cytoplasm

all of the material that is outside the nucleus and yet contained within the cell membrane

DNA

deoxyribonucleic acid; chemical found within each chromosome

arranged like a sequence of recipes in code, it directs the activities of the cell

endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

network of canals within the cytoplasm of the cell. here, large proteins are made from smaller protein pieces (amino acids)

genes

regions of DNA within each chromosome

karyotype

picture of chromosomes in the nucleus of a cell

the chromosomes are arranged in nume3ric order to determine their number and structure

metabolsim

total of the chemical processes in a cell. includes catabolism and anabolism

meta=change

bol=cast

ims=process

mitochondria

is the principal source of energy for the cell that are rod shaped structures in the cytoplasm

catabolism is the process that occurs in the mitochondria

nucleus

control center of the cell. contains chromosomes and directs the activities of the cell

ribosomes

small granules on the ER

they arrange amino acids on the ER to make proteins

tissue

is a group of similar cells working together to do a specific job

histologist

is a scientist who specializes in the study of tissues

(hist/o=tissue)

adipose tissue

collection of fat cells

cartlilage

flexible connective tissue often attatched to the bones at joints

cartilage forms part of the external ear and the nose

rings of cartilage surround the trachea

epithelial cells

skin cells that cover the outside of the body and line the internal surfaces of the organ

larynx

voice box; located above the trachea

pharynx

throat

serves as the common passageway for food and air

pituitary gland

endocrine gland at the base of the brain

thyroid gland

endocrine gland that surrounds the trachea in the neck

trachea

windpipe (tube leading from the throat and larynx to the bronchial tubes)

ureter

one of two tubes, each leading from a single kidney to the urinary bladder

urethra

tube from the urinary bladder to the outside of the body

uterus

womb; the organ that holds the embryo/fetus as it develops

viscera

internal organs in the main cavities of the body, especially in the abdomen

abdominal cavity

space below the chest containing organs such as the liver, stomach, gallbladder, and intestines; also called the abdomen or peritoneal cavity

cranial cavity

soace in the head containing the brain and surrounded by the skull

cranial means pertaining to the head

diaphragm

muscle separating the abdominal and thoracic cavities

moves up and down and aids in breathing

dorsal (posterior)

pertaining to the back

pelvic cavity

space below the abdomen containing portions of the intestines, rectum, urinary bladder, and reproductive organs

pelvic means pertaining to the pelvis, which is composed of the hip bones and surrounding the pelvic cavity

peritoneum

double folded membrane surrounding the abdominal cavity

it attaches abdominal viscera to muscles and functions as a protective membrane (containing blood vessels and nerves) around the organs

pleura

double-folded membrane surrounding each lung

pleural means pertaining to the pleura

pleural cavity

space between the pleural layers

spinal cavity

space within the spinal column (backbones) containing the spinal cord

thoracic cavity

space in the chest containing the heart, lungs, bronchial tubes, trachea, esophagus, and other organs

ventral

pertaining to the front

mediastinum

centrally located space outside of and between the lungs

pleural cavity

space between pleural layers

hypochondriac

right and left upper regions beneath the ribs

epigastric

middle upper region above the stomach

lumbar

right and left middle regions near the waist

umbilical

central region near the navel

inguinal (iliac regions)

right and left lower regions near the groin

hypogastric

middle lower region below the umbilical region

RUQ

right upper quadrant

LUQ

left upper quadrant

RLQ

right lower quadrant

LLQ

left lower quadrant

cervical

neck region (c1-c7)

thoracic

chest region (t1-t12)

lumbar

loin (waist) region (L1-L5)

sacral

region of the sacrum (S1-S5)

coccygeal

region of the coccyx (tailbone)

vertebra

single backbone

vertebrae

backbones (plural)

spinal colum

bone tissue surrounding the spinal cavity

spinal cord

nervous tissue within the spinal cavity

disc

pad of cartilage between the vertebrae

anterior

front surface of the body

deep `

away from the surface

distal

far from the point of attachment to the trunk or far from the beginning of a structure

frontal (coronal) plane

vertical plane dividing the body or structure into anterior and posterior portions

inferior

below another structure; pertaining to the lower portion of the body

lateral

pertaining to the side

medial

pertaining to the middle or near the medial plane of the body

prone

lying on the belly (face down, palms down)

proximal

near the point of attachment of the trunk or near the beginning of a structure

sagittal/lateral plane

lengthwise, vertical plane dividing the body or structure into right and left sides

midsagittal plane

divides the body into right and left halves

superficial

on the surface

superior (cephalic)

above another structure; pertaining to the head

supine

lying on the back (face up, hands up)

transverse plane

horizontal plane dividing the body into upper and lower halves

posterior

back surface of the body