ch 21🌿lymphatic system - fill in the blank

The __________ system is a population of defender cells concentrated in __________ system structures.

immune; lymphatic

__________ absorption (via __________ in the small intestine), __________ recovery, and fluid that enters vessels is called __________.

lipid; lacteals; fluid; lymph

The lymphatic system picks up __________% of fluid not reabsorbed at the __________ end of the capillary bed.

10–15%; venule

__________ has a composition similar to blood plasma but contains less __________.

lymph; protein

__________ transport lymph throughout the body.

lymphatic vessels

__________ are aggregates of defense cells found in many organs.

lymphatic tissues

__________ contain concentrated defense cells and have __________ boundaries.

lymphatic organs; capsular

Lymphatic capillaries are made of overlapping __________ cells and are closed at __________ end(s).

endothelial; one

Gaps allow __________ and __________ to enter.

bacteria; cells

Valve-like flaps open when __________ is high due to excess __________.

interstitial fluid pressure; fluid

Lymphatic vessels allow __________ flow.

one-way

Capillaries merge into larger __________ vessels and then into __________.

collecting; trunks

Lymph flows similarly to venous return but without a __________ (__________).

pump; heart

Lymph moves at __________ pressure and __________ speed than venous blood.

low; slower

Movement is aided by rhythmic __________ of lymphatic vessels.

contractions

There are __________ lymphatic trunks that drain into __________ collecting ducts.

6; 2

The right lymphatic duct drains the __________ arm, __________ of head, and __________.

right; side; thorax

The thoracic duct begins at the __________ __________ and drains the __________ of the body.

cisterna chyli; rest

__________ (NK) cells destroy dangerous cells.

natural killer

T cells mature in the __________.

thymus

B cells mature in the __________ __________.

bone marrow

__________ cells provide structural support in lymphatic organs.

reticular

__________ are large phagocytic cells that develop from __________.

macrophages; monocytes

__________ (APCs) display antigens to T cells.

antigen-presenting cells

__________ cells are branching APCs in epithelial tissues.

dendritic

Lymphatic tissue is associated with __________ membranes and __________ tissue.

mucous; connective

Diffuse lymphatic tissue contains __________ lymphocytes.

scattered

MALT stands for __________-associated lymphatic tissue.

mucosa

Nodules are found in __________, __________, and __________.

lymph nodes; tonsils; appendix

__________ patches are found in the small intestine.

Peyer

Primary lymphatic organs include __________ __________ and the __________.

red bone marrow; thymus

Lymphatic organs produce __________ cells.

immunocompetent

Secondary organs include __________, __________, and __________.

lymph nodes; tonsils; spleen

Lymph nodes cleanse __________ and activate __________ and __________ cells.

lymph; T; B

Lymph nodes are enclosed by a __________ capsule with __________.

fibrous; trabeculae

The __________ sinus lies deep to the capsule.

subcapsular

Nodes are divided into __________ and __________.

cortex; medulla

The cortex contains __________ (follicles).

nodules

__________ centers form when B cells divide.

germinal

The medulla contains __________ cords.

medullary

__________ vessels bring lymph into the node, and __________ vessels carry it out.

afferent; efferent

There are more __________ than __________ vessels, slowing flow.

afferent; efferent

Tonsils are located in the __________ and protect against __________ pathogens.

pharynx; ingested or inhaled

They contain deep pits called __________.

tonsillar crypts

__________ tonsils are most often infected.

palatine

__________ tonsils are at the root of the tongue.

lingual

The __________ tonsil is also called the adenoids.

pharyngeal

The spleen is highly __________ and vulnerable to injury.

vascular

__________ pulp contains red blood cells.

red

__________ pulp contains white blood cells.

white

The spleen is known as the “_____________ _______________.”

erythrocyte graveyard

The spleen produces RBCs in the __________.

fetus

__________ are disease-causing agents.

pathogens

The third line of defense creates immune __________.

memory

Nonspecific defenses act __________ against pathogens and have no __________.

equally; memory

Examples of nonspecific defenses include __________, __________, and __________.

keratin; complement; interferons

Inflammation is a __________ response to injury.

local defensive

Inflammations purposes include __________ removal and tissue __________.

garbage; repair

Four signs of inflammation: __________, __________, __________, __________.

redness; swelling; heat; pain

Two key features of adaptive immunity are __________ and __________.

specificity; memory

__________ immunity involves T cells.

cellular

__________ immunity involves antibodies.

humoral

Natural passive immunity occurs from __________ to __________ transfer.

mother; infant

Artificial active immunity comes from __________.

vaccination

An antigen is anything that __________ an immune response.

triggers

Epitopes are also called __________ __________.

antigenic determinants

Failed T cells undergo __________ selection.

negative

Successful T cells undergo __________ selection and form __________.

positive; clones

B cells that react to self-antigens are eliminated by __________ selection.

negative

T cells cannot recognize antigens without __________.

APCs

MHC proteins act as cell __________ __________.

identification tags

__________ T cells directly kill pathogens.

cytotoxic

__________ T cells enhance immune response.

helper

__________ T cells regulate immune activity.

regulatory

__________ T cells provide memory.

memory

B cells produce __________.

antibodies

Four mechanisms of antibody actions: __________, __________, __________, __________.

neutralization; complement fixation; agglutination; precipitation

Primary immune response involves __________ antibody production.

delayed

Secondary immune response produces __________ rapidly.

antibodies

Hypersensitivity is an __________ immune response.

excessive

Autoimmune diseases result from a loss of __________.

self-tolerance

The body produces __________ against itself.

autoantibodies

Immunodeficiency occurs when the immune system fails to __________ properly.

react

Immunodeficiencies may be __________ or acquired later in life.

inherited