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Schizophrenia
severe disorder that causes people to lose contact with reality.
Prevalence
total number of cases in the population during a given period.
Epidemiological Studies
determine the incidence and prevalence of a problem in a particular population.
Incidence
number of new cases that emerge in a population during a given period of time.
Analogue Experiments
experimenters induce lab participants to behave in ways that seem to resemble real- life abnormal behavior.
Clinical significance
indicates whether the amount of improvement is meaningful in the persons life.
Case Study
a detailed description of a persons life and psychological problems.
Statistical significance
indicates whether a participants improvement in functioning occurred because of treatment.
Institutional Review Boards
committees of five or more members who review and monitor every study conducted at a research facility, starting at proposal.
Longitudinal Studies
researchers observe the same individuals on many occasions over a long period of time.
Correlational method
research procedure used to determine correlation between variables.
Positive direction of line of best fit
when variables change the same way. shows positive correlation
Natural Experiments
nature itself manipulates the independent variable while the experimenter observes the effects.
Correlation
the degree to which events /characteristics vary with each other.
Negative direction of line of best fit
when variables change in different ways. shows negative correlation
Single Subject Experiments
a single participant is observed both before and after the manipulation of an independent variable.
Clinical practitioners
assess, diagnose, and treat individual clients.
Control group
a group of research participants who are not exposed to the independent variable under investigation.
random assignment
Matched design minimizes confounding variables caused by not using ________.
schizophrenia
severe disorder that causes people to lose contact with reality
case study
focused on one individual
Case Study
a detailed description of a persons life and psychological problems
correlation
the degree to which events / characteristics vary with each other
correlational method
research procedure used to determine correlation between variables
subjects / participants
people chosen for a study
sample
collective name for participants in a sample
positive direction
when variables change the same way
negative direction
when variables change in different ways
magnitude
how closely the two variables correspond
the number represents its magnitude
the closer it is to zero, the lower the relationship the variables have
p < .05
findings are statistically significant and are thought to reflect the larger population
lack internal validity
describes the relationship between two variables, but doesnt explain it
experiment
research procedure in which a variable is manipulated and the manipulations effect on another variable is observed
control group
a group of research participants who are not exposed to the independent variable under investigation
experimental group
the participants who are exposed to the independent variable
statistical significance
indicates whether a participants improvement in functioning occurred because of treatment
clinical significance
indicates whether the amount of improvement is meaningful in the persons life
Random Assignment
any selection procedure that ensures that every participant in the experiment is as likely to be placed in one group as the other
double-masked design
prevents against both patient bias and experimenter bias
triple-masked design
experimenters arrange for judges to assess and analyze the outcomes, and the judges are also kept unaware of group assignments
Alternative Research Designs
designs that intermix elements of both correlational and experimental studies
Matched Designs
researchers match the experimental participants with control participants who are similar in age, sex, socioeconomic status, etc
make use of groups that already exist in the world (ex
effects of abuse on children
Natural Experiments
nature itself manipulates the independent variable while the experimenter observes the effects
Analogue Experiments
experimenters induce lab participants to behave in ways that seem to resemble real-life abnormal behavior
Single-Subject Experiments
a single participant is observed both before and after the manipulation of an independent variable
Longitudinal Studies
researchers observe the same individuals on many occasions over a long period of time
Epidemiological Studies
determine the incidence and prevalence of a problem in a particular population
incidence
number of new cases that emerge in a population during a given period of time
prevalence
total number of cases in the population during a given period
Institutional Review Boards
committees of five or more members who review and monitor every study conducted at a research facility, starting at proposal
Why are IRBs flawed?
ethical principles cant always be broken down into simple guidelines
nomothetic understanding
a general understanding of the nature, causes, and treatments of abnormal functioning, in the form of laws or principles
scientific method
the process of systematically gathering and evaluating information, through careful observations, to understand a phenomenon
hypothesis
a hunch or prediction that certain variables are related in certain ways
internal validity
the accuracy with which a study can pinpoint one factor as the cause of a phenomenon
external validity
the degree to which the results of a study may be generalized beyond that study
correlation
the degree to which events or characteristics vary along with each other
experiment
a research procedure in which a variable is manipulated and the effect of the manipulation on another variable is observed
independent variable
the variable in an experiment that is manipulated to determine whether it has an effect on another variable
dependent variable
the variable in an experiment expected to change as the independent variable is manipulated
confounding variable
a variable other than the independent variable that is also acting on the dependent variable
control group
a group of participants who are not exposed to the independent variable
experimental group
the participants who are exposed to the independent variable under investigation
placebo therapy
a pretend treatment that the participant in an experiment believes to be genuine
quasi-experimental design
A research design that fails to include key elements of a “pure” experiment and/or intermixes elements of both experimental and correlational studies. Also called a mixed design
correlation coefficient
signifies magnitude and direction of line of best fit
masked design
individuals are kept unaware of their assigned group
Note 
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