Code Switching

Borrowing

Borrowing

When languages influence each other by adopting words or phrases

Pidginization

The simplification of a language when people who do not speak the same language come into contact

Creolization

The creation of a new language through the simplification of a contacting language

Loan Words

Words borrowed from one language and incorporated into another language

Code Switching Constraints

Grammatical rules that govern code switching

Language Choice

The decision to use a particular language in a given situation

Regiolect

A dialect specific to a particular region

Sociolect

A dialect specific to a particular social group

Ideolect

A dialect specific to an individual

Register

The level of formality in language use

High Language

The more prestigious variety of language, used in formal settings, speeches, and often in religious settings

Low Language

The less prestigious variety of language, used in informal settings (at home, during time with friends, to discuss what is expressed in an H speech etc., and is almost always the first language acquired)

Metaphorical Switching

Switching languages based on the relationship between participants and the topic being discussed

Marked Code Choice

A deliberate choice to switch languages in a conversation, as a way of negotiating / establishing intimacy (with the goal of getting something)

Rights and Obligations

Sets of expectations and responsibilities associated with language choices

Code Switching

The alternation of two languages within a single discourse, sentence or constituent.

Bilingual

A person who can speak two languages fluently

Bilingualism

The ability to speak two languages fluently

Multilingualism

The ability to speak multiple languages fluently

Monolingualism

The ability to speak only one language

Primary Bilingualism

The ability to speak two languages from birth

Secondary Bilingualism

The ability to learn a second language later in life

Simultaneous Acquisition

The process of learning two languages at the same time from birth

Successive Acquisition

The process of learning a second language after acquiring the first language

Language Contact

When speakers of two different languages interact

Multilingualism and Identity

The relationship between speaking multiple languages and personal identity

Elite Bilingualism

The ability to speak multiple languages among the privileged class

Folk Bilingualism

The ability to speak multiple languages among the general population

Dialect

A regional or social variety of a language

Diglossia

'A stable language situation with two varieties of language existing side by side in which there is a very divergent, highly codified (often grammatically more complex) superposed variety, the vehicle of a large and respected body of written literature, either of an earlier period or in another speech community, which is learned largely by formal education and is used for most written and formal spoken purposes but is not used by any sector of the community for ordinary conversation.' (Ferguson)

Domains

Clusters of characteristic situations that influence language choice, (the domain of governmental administration, the domain of club life, the domain of the family)

Situational Switching

Switching languages based on changes in social events or participants' definitions of the event

Conventionalized Exchanges

Frequent and routine exchanges with established language patterns

Unmarked Code Choice

A natural choice to switch languages in a conversation

Role-Relations within Domains

Expectation of particular behaviors within a society vis-à-vis individuals towards each other, ex. Buyer-seller, teacher-student, employer-employee 

Syntactic Categories

All words in a sentence belong to a particular part of speech or, in more modern parlance, category or syntactic category, like: noun, verb, adjective, preposition, adverb, determiner

Determiner

a, the, this, those, that

Constituents

When words combine with other words to form larger groups of words, combining with other words or constituents, eventually leading to sentences

Noun Phrase

Expressions which include a noun and some material giving additional information about it

Morpheme

The smallest meaningful unit of language/ expressions which include a noun and some material giving additional information about it. It can be a word or a part of a word that carries meaning.

a meaningful morphological unit of a language that cannot be further divided (e.g. in, come, -ing, forming incoming ).

Proform

Proforms are expressions like she, them, somewhere, do so, there which have the function of representing a constituent which has already been mentioned, so that one need not pronounce/write the constituent twice. The best-known type of proform is a socalled pronoun, which replaces a NP, e.g. she/him/they. If you can replace a string with a proform, the string is a constituent.

A Constituent “Head” (Syntax)

Every constituent has a head, a word which determines the nature of the whole constituent. Everything else in that constituent merely gives information about the head and/or is there because the head allows or forces it to be present.

“Head”, Morphology

Many morphologically complex words have heads, morphemes which determine the grammatical properties of the whole word (overeat —> overate, therefore eat is the head)

The Free Morpheme Constraint

Codes may be switched after any constituent in discourse provided that constituent is not a bound morpheme.

Equivalence Constraint

For the balanced bilingual, codeswitching appears to be subject to an 'equivalence constraint' (Poplack, 1978): i.e. it tends to occur at points in discourse where juxtaposition of L1 and L2 elements does not violate a surface syntactic rule of either language. (Poplack)

Intra-Sentential Switch

A shift that is done in the middle of a sentence, without hesitations, interruptions, or pauses that would indicate a shift in language.  Almost always, speakers are unaware of the shift in language. For example: Tengo que ir to the mall y al supermercado.

Inter-Sentential Switching

This occurs when the switch of the language is done at sentence boundaries.  This type of code-switching is mostly used between fluent bilingual speakers. For example: If I’m late to the appointment, pues, ni modo.

Extra-Sentential Switching

This is the insertion of a tag phrase from one language into a sentence in the other language.  For example: I like coffee, pero, it gives me a headache.

Phonology

A subfield of linguistics that studies the sounds of human language. It focuses on the systematic organization and patterns of sounds in different languages. It examines how sounds are produced, perceived, and organized into meaningful units called phonemes. It also investigates the rules and constraints that govern the distribution and combination of phonemes within a language. This subfield plays a crucial role in understanding language acquisition, speech production, and phonological disorders.

Morphology

Morphology is the study of the structure and formation of words in language. It examines how words are formed from smaller units called morphemes and how these morphemes combine to create meaning. Morphology also explores the different forms that words can take, such as inflections and derivations.

Syntax

The set of rules and principles that govern the structure and arrangement of words, phrases, and symbols in a language.

Deep Structure Syntax

This refers to the underlying structure of a sentence in generative grammar. It represents the abstract representation of a sentence before any transformations or surface structure changes occur. It is a theoretical construct that seeks to unify several related structures. For example, the sentences "Pat loves Chris" and "Chris is loved by Pat" mean roughly the same thing and use similar words.

Surface Structure Syntax

This refers to the study of the grammatical structure of sentences as they are actually spoken or written. It focuses on the arrangement of words, phrases, and clauses in a sentence, as well as the relationships between them. Surface structure syntax is concerned with the observable structure of sentences, rather than the underlying meaning or deep structure. It involves analyzing the order of words, the use of grammatical markers, and the formation of phrases and sentences.