Exam 3

learning

learning

in behaviorism, a change in behavior as a result of experience

behaviorism

The theoretical view of personality that focuses on overt behavior and the ways in which it can be affected by rewards and punishments in the environment. A modern variant is the social learning approach, which adds a concern with how behavior is affected by observation, self-evaluation, and social interaction; also called the learning approach

functional analysis

in behaviorism, a description of how behavior is a function of the environment of the person or animal that performs it

habituation

the decrease in response to a stimulus on repeated applications, this is the simplest kind of learning

classical conditioning

The kind of learning in which an unconditioned response (such as salivating) that is naturally elicited by one stimulus (such as food) becomes elicited also by a new, conditioned stimulus (such as a bell)

learned helplessness

a belief that nothing one does matters, derived from an experience of random or unpredictable reward and punishment, and theorized to be a basis of depression

respondent conditioning

skinner's term for classical conditioning

operant conditioning

skinner's term for the process in which an organism's behavior is shaped by the effect of the behavior on the environment

self-efficacy

one's beliefs about the degree to which one will be able to accomplish a goal if one tries

self-concept

a person's knowledge and opinions about herself

observational learning

learning a behavior by watching someone else do it

goal

in learning and cognitive approaches to personality, a desired end state that serves to direct perception, thought, and behavior

strategy

a sequence of activities directed toward a goal

entity theory

in dweck's theory of motivation, an individual's belief that abilities are fixed and unchangeable, judgemental

incremental theory

In Dweck’s theory of motivation, an individual’s belief that abilities can increase with experience and practice, developmental

procedural knowledge

What a person knows but cannot really talk about; sometimes called knowing how

emotional intelligence

The ability to perceive emotions accurately in oneself and others and to control and use one’s own emotions constructively

cognitive control

using rational thinking to regulate one's emotions and to control how one reacts to emotional feelings

ontological self

The somewhat mysterious inner self of thinking, observation, and experience; also called the I, as opposed to the me

epistemological self

Knowledge of one’s own personality traits, experiences, and other attributes; also called the me, as opposed to the I

declarative knowledge

information held in memory that is able to be verbalized, sometimes called knowing that

declarative self

an individuals conscious opinions about his or her own personality traits and other relevant attributes

self-esteem

the degree to which a person thinks he or she is good or bad, worthy or unworthy

self-schema

the cognitive structure hypothesized to contain a person's self-knowledge and to direct self-relevant thought

long term memory

The final stage of information processing, in which a nearly unlimited amount of information can be permanently stored in an organized manner; this information may not always be accessible, however, depending on how it was stored and how it is looked for

self-reference effect

The enhancement of long-term memory that comes from thinking about how information being memorized relates to the self

procedural self

patterns of behavior that are characteristic of an individual

mating strategies

how individuals handle heterosexual relationships

mate selection

what a person looks for in the opposite sex

attachment theory

a theoretical perspective that draws on psychoanalytic thought to describe the development and importance of human attachment to emotionally significant other people

ego-syntonic

Refers to thoughts, feelings, beliefs, or behaviors that one accepts as part of oneself and does not want to be cured of, even if others find them difficult to deal with

ego-dystonic

Refers to troubling thoughts, feelings, beliefs, or behaviors that one experiences as alien or foreign and would like to be rid of.

schizotypal personality disorder

an extreme pattern of odd beliefs and behaviors, and of difficulties relating to others

narcissistic personality disorder

an extreme pattern of arrogant, exploitative behavior combined with a notable lack of empathy

antisocial personality disorder

an extreme pattern of deceitful, manipulative, and sometimes dangerous behavior

borderline personality disorder

an extreme and sometimes dangerous pattern of emotional instability, emotional emptiness, confused identity, and tendencies toward self-harm

avoidant personality disorder

An extreme pattern of feelings of inadequacy accompanied by fear of social contact

obsessive-complusive personality disorder

An extreme pattern of rigidly conscientious behavior, including an anxious and inflexible adherence to rules and rituals, perfectionism, and a stubborn resistance to change

negative affectivity

One of five trait domains associated with personality disorders in the DSM-5, it is characterized by a tendency to feel negative emotions such as anxiety, depression and suspicion.

detachment

one of five trait domains associated with personality disorders in the DSM-5, it is characterized by a tendency to withdraw and avoid emotional contacts with other people

antagonism

One of five trait domains associated with personality disorders in the DSM-5, it is characterized by deceitfulness, grandiosity, callousness, and manipulativeness

disinhibition

One of five trait domains associated with personality disorders in the DSM-5, it is characterized by a lack of self-control and impulsive behavior

psychoticism

One of five trait domains associated with personality disorders in the DSM-5, it is characterized by a tendency to have bizarre thoughts or experiences, and to exhibit eccentric behavior

locus of control

how much you think your actions will determine your outcomes

current concerns

ongoing motivation that persists in the mind until they are achieved or abandonded

personal projects

efforts put into goals

personal strivings

long-term goals that organize broad areas of life

ideographic goals

goals unique to the individual

nomothetic goals

goals almost everyone pursues

judgemental goals

seeking to validate an attribute about yourself

developmental goals

improve yourself

relational self

patterns of social skills and styles of relating to others

Implicit Self

unconscious self-knowledge of self-relevant behavior patterns

possible selves

images of ourselves and other ways we think we might be

Relational self-schema

self knowledge based on past experiences direct how we relate to other people in their lives

active self

depends where you are and who you are with

working self-concept

self is continuously changing, influenced by who a person is with

congruence

acting in accordance to one’s personality traits

self-concept differentiation

different personalities in different situations, can lead to poor psychological adjustment

identity

an individual's sense of self defined by physical, psychological, and interpersonal qualities not shared with anyone else, and a range of affiliation and social roles

intersectionality

a framework to conceptualize a group of people or social problem as affected by a number of potential disadvantages

stigma

negative social attitude attached to a characteristic and regarded as a disability

discrimination

unfair and differential treatment of members of a group at an individual level

pathologizing

describing behaviors as the result of mental illness

substance use disorder

mental disorder that affects the brain and behavior leading to the inability to control the use of various substances

Alexithymia

having so little emotional awareness that you are unable to think or talk about your own feelings

sociosexuality

willingness to engage in sexual relations in the absence of a serious relationship

human capital formation

development of knowledge and skills