Studied by 41 peopleCharacteristics of the Lifespan Perspective
lifelong, multidimensional, multidirectional, plastic, multidisciplinary, contextual
Life long development
no one age period dominates in development.
Multidimensional Development
Development consists of cognitive (mental), biological (physical changes), and socioemotional (intra/inter personal)dimensions
multidirectional development
Has the Critical Period and the Sensitive Period
Critical period of development
an optimal period early in the life when exposure to certain stimuli or experiences produces normal development
Sensitive period of development
This is the period when experience makes permanent alterations. This is at a young age
Plastic Development
Involves the capacity to change development throughout the lifespan
Multidisciplinary development
Psychologists, sociologists, anthropologists, neuroscientists, and medical researchers all want to research development past the lifespan
development involves growth, maintenance, and regulation of loss
Involves conflicts and competition among three goals of human development
Development is a co-construction of biology, culture, and the individual
development comes from biological, cultural, and environmental factors which influence each other
Development is contextual
All development occurs within a context e.g. families, schools, peer groups, churches, etc.
normative age-graded influences
influences that are similar for individuals in a particular age group
normative history-graded influences
influences that are common to people of a particular generation because of historical circumstances
non-normative life events
Unusual occurrences that have a major impact on a person's life. The occurrence, pattern, and sequence of these events are not applicable to many individuals.
chronicle age
number of years since birth
biological age
A person's age in terms of biological health.
psychological age
an individual's adaptive capacities compared with those of other individuals of the same chronological age
social age
connectedness with others and the social roles individuals adopt
median age
Dr. Brad Meisner's Research
focuses on the interaction of biological, phychological, and social dimensions of aging. Including adult development and older adulthood
Nature vs. Nurture
The debate about the extent to which development is influenced by nature and by nurture.
continuity-discontinuity
the debate about the extent to which development involves gradual, cumulative change (continuity) or distinct stages (discontinuity)
stability and change
Do our early personality traits persist through life, or do we become a different person as we age?
Theory
an explanation using an integrated set of principles that organizes observations and predicts behaviors or events
Hypothesis
A testable prediction, often implied by a theory
psychoanalytic theory
Theories holding that development depends primarily on the unconscious mind and is heavily couched in emotion, that behaviour is merely a surface characteristic, that it is important to analyze the symbolic meanings of behaviour, and that early experiences are important in development.
Freud's Theory
basic principles include the unconscious mind, early childhood experiences, and influence of sexual drives, includes id/ego/superego and psychosexual stages
Erikson's Psychosocial Theory
Primary motivation for behaviour is based on social outcomes. The stage theory of psychosocial development, lifespan consists of eight dilemmas that must be solved correctly in order to solve the next dilemma
Piaget's stages of cognitive development
sensorimotor
preoperational
concrete operational
formal operational
sensoriomotor stage
in Piaget's theory, the stage (from birth to about 2 years of age) during which infants know the world mostly in terms of their sensory impressions and motor activities
preoperational stage
in Piaget's theory, the stage (from about 2 to 6 or 7 years of age) during which a child learns to use language but does not yet comprehend the mental operations of concrete logic
concrete operational stage
in Piaget's theory, the stage of cognitive development (from about 6 or 7 to 11 years of age) during which children gain the mental operations that enable them to think logically about concrete events
formal operational stage
in Piaget's theory, the stage of cognitive development (normally beginning about age 11) during which people begin to think logically about abstract concepts
Vygotsky's Sociocultural Theory
the approach that emphasizes how cognitive development proceeds as a result of social interactions between members of a culture where knowledge is situated and collaborative
Pavlov's Classical Conditioning
a neutral stimulus acquires the ability to produce a response originally produced by another stimulus
Skinner's Classical Conditioning
consequences of behaviour change likelihood of the behaviour's future occurrence where rewards increase the likelihood of reoccurrence (punishments decrease this chance)
Bandura's Social Cognitive Theory
Holds that behavior, environment, and person/cognitive factors are the key factors in development
Ethology
Focuses on responses to environment, physiological makeup, communication, & evolutionary aspects
Charles Darwin
one of the first ethologists and focused on evolution and natural selection
Konrad Lorenz
researcher who focused on critical attachment periods in baby birds, a concept he called imprinting
John Bowlby
argued that infants innately channel signals to primary caregivers to form attachment
Carl Rogers
Developed "client-centered" therapy
Congruence and Incongruity
the relationship between the ideal and perceived self
Abraham Maslaw
developed the idea that there is a hierarchy of human needs
Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs
(level 1) Physiological Needs, (level 2) Safety and Security, (level 3) Relationships, Love and Affection, (level 4) Self Esteem, (level 5) Self Actualization
the bio-ecological approach
Urie Brofenbrenner and his evaluation of the bio-ecological approach
Brofenbrenner's Ecological Systems Theory
views the child as developing within a complex system of relationships affected by multiple levels of the surrounding environment
Brofenbrenners Levels
The individual: gender, age, health, SES Microsystem: family, school, groups, neighbourhood Mesosystem: relationship between the microsystem factors Exosystem: other social settings Macrosystem: attitudes/ideologies of the culture Chronosystem: patterning of events and transitions over one's life
dynamic systems approach
a view of human development as an ongoing, ever-changing interaction between the physical, cognitive, and psychosocial influences. Challenges can encourage development
evolutionary psychology
the study of the evolution of behavior and the mind, using principles of natural selection. Nature/Nurture
neuroscience and neuroplasticity
focuses on the brain, nervous system, and spinal cord
positive psychology
the scientific study of optimal human functioning; aims to discover and promote strengths and virtues that enable individuals and communities to thrive
the eclectic approach
an approach to psychotherapy that uses techniques from various forms of therapy. Gives a more comprehensive explanation
natural selection
A process in which individuals that have certain inherited traits tend to survive and reproduce at higher rates than other individuals because of those traits.
linkage analysis
goal is to discover the location of a gene in relation to a known marker gene. Often used in the search for disease related genes
sex-linked genes
a gene that is carried on the X or Y chromosome. X-linked genes are more severe in males as they only have one X chromosome.
Colour Blindness, Hemophilia
Two conditions associated with sex linked patterns of inheritance
polygenetic inheritance
personal traits or physical properties that are influenced by many genes working in combination - eye color, hair color, height, and skin color
Down Syndrome
a condition of intellectual disability and associated physical disorders caused by an extra copy of chromosome 21.
Fragile X Syndrome
A genetic disorder involving an abnormality in the X chromosome, often resulting in intellectual disabilities and physical abnormalities.
XXY (Klinefelter Syndrome)
An extra X chromosome causes physical abnormalities
XO Syndrome (Turner Syndrome)
A missing X chromosome in females can cause intellectual disabilities and sexual underdevelopment
XYY syndrome
chromosomal disorder in which the male has an extra Y chromosome, can cause above average height
cystic fibrosis
Glandule dysfunction that interferes with mucus production; breathing and digestion are hampered, resulting in a shortened life span
diabetes
A condition in which the body is unable to produce enough insulin, causing an abnormal metabolism of sugar
Hemophilia
An X-linked recessive disorder in which blood fails to clot properly, leading to excessive bleeding if injured.
Huntington's disease
Genetic disorder that causes progressive deterioration of brain cells. caused by a dominant allele. symptoms do not appear until about the age of 30.
PKU (phenylketonuria)
a condition that makes it impossible for babies to metabolize certain proteins, if left untreated, can cause intellectual disabilities
sickle cell anemia
a genetic disorder in which blood cells take on an abnormal curved or "sickle" shape
spina bifida
Neural tube disorder that causes brain and spine variations
Tay-Sachs disease
Deceleration of mental and physical development caused by an accumulation of lipids in the nervous system. Child will usually die before age 5.
amniocentesis
needle puncture of the amniotic sac to withdraw amniotic fluid for analysis
ultrasound sonography
high frequency sound waves produces image of fetus
Chronic Villi Sampling
small sample of the placenta is tested
maternal serum screening
Blood test used to see if a pregnant woman is at increased risk for a child with birth defects
Fetal MRI
Used to obtain more detailed images of the fetus than ultrasound
Non-Invasive Prenatal Testing (NIPT)
an analysis of DNA in the placenta that reveals the genetic profile of the unborn child
IVF (in vitro fertilization)
procedure that allows for mother's ova to be fertilized outside of body and then implanted back into the uterus for development and birth.
infertility
the inability to concieve naturally after 12 months of unprotected (heterosexual) sex
stem cells
unspecialized cells that retain the ability to become a wide variety of specialized cells
behaviour genetics
seeks to discover the influence of hereditary and environment on individual differences in human traits and development
epigenetic view
emphasizes that development is the result of an ongoing, bidirectional interchange between heredity and environment
Dr. Bombay's Research
Is studying the intergenerational transitions of trauma and the role of resilience in Canadas indigenous people. Traumatic experiences can negatively affect a child's development interfering with the expression of the individuals DNA
germinal period
The first two weeks of prenatal development after conception, characterized by rapid cell division and the beginning of cell differentiation.
embryonic period
the period from 2 to 8 weeks after fertilization, during which the major organs and structures of the organism develop
fetal period
the time from about eight weeks after conception until the birth of the child
the placenta
Disk-shaped group of tissues in which small blood vessels from the mother and the offspring intertwine but do not join
umbilical cord
contains two arteries and one vein, and connects the baby to the placenta
amnion
Innermost sac surrounding the developing fetus
neurogenesis
the formation of new neurons
neural migration
the movement of neurons from one part of the fetal brain to their more permanent destination; occurs during months 3-5 of the fetal stage.
neural connectivity
the connections between neurons through which brain systems interact
neural tube
develops out of the ectoderm and closes during the 4th week after conception. If it fails to close, can lead to birth defects. If it develops properly, neurogenesis and neuronal migration occur.
Teratogens
agents, such as chemicals and viruses, can reach the fetus during prenatal development and cause harm. Most harmful during organogenesis (3-8 weeks)
Caffine's affects on fetus
increases chance of miscarriage
Alcohol's effects on fetus
fetal alcohol spectrum disorder
nicotine effects on fetus
pre-term births, low birth weights, respiratory problems, SIDS, ADHD
cocaine effects on fetus
low birth weight; lower length and head circumference
Methamphetamine effects on fetus
low birth weight. Developmental/behavioural problems, death
cannabis effects on fetus
lower IQ, depression
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