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| All parts in harmony under reason
5 Constitutions order
| Aristocracy → Timocracy → Oligarchy → Democracy → Tyranny
Aristocracy
| Rule by philosophers (best system)
Timocracy
| Rule by honor and military values
Cause of timocracy
Decline from reason to honor
Oligarchy
Rule by the wealthy
Problem with oligarchy
Division between rich and poor
Democracy
Rule by the people, too much freedom
Problem with democracy
| Lack of order, excessive freedom
Tyranny
| Rule by one oppressive ruler (worst system)
Origin of tyranny
| Democracy collapses into chaos → strongman takes power
Tyrant
Driven by uncontrolled desires
Key theme of Book VIII
Political systems reflect types of souls
Best life
| Philosophical life guided by reason
Worst life
| Tyrannical life ruled by desires