Kinesiology Exam 1

Isolated

Single Movement

Sequential

Muscle firing in order

Simultaneous

Multiple muscles firing at once

Kinesiology

Study of movement

Anatomy

Structure

Physiology

Function

Biomechanics

Forces

Statics

Nonmoving systems

Dynamics

Moving systems

Kinetics

Forces that act on the body to generate or alter motion

Kinematics

Analysis of movement in terms of mechanical elements

Mobility

Ability to move

Stability

Ability to be firmly fixed/supported

Balance

Even distribution of weight

Coordination

Organization of different elements

Linear force of motion

motion along a line that may be straight or curved, with all parts of body moving in same direction at the same speed: also called translation

Rectilinear force of motion

Motion along a straight line

Curvilinear force of motion

Motion along a curved line

Angular motion

Rotation around a central imaginary line known as the axis of rotation

Mechanical system

Body or portion of body that is deliberatly chosen as the system to be analyzed

Anatomical reference Position

Erect standing position with feet slightly seperated and the arms hanging relaxed at the side, with the palsm of the hands facing forward.

Superior

Close to head

Inferior

Further away from the head

Anterior

front of the body

posterior

back of the body

medial

towards the midline

lateral

away from the midline

proximal

close to the trunk

distal

far from the trunk

superficial

towards the surface of the body

deep

Inside the body; away fron the surface

Sagittal plane

Seperates the body into left and right segements

Frontal Plane

Divides the body into the front and the back

Transverse Plane

Seperates the body into upper and lower sections

Sagittal Joint movements

flexion, extension, hyperextension, dorsiflexion, plantarflexion

Frontal Joint Movements

Abduction, adduction, lateral flexion, elevation, depression, inversion, eversion, radial and ulnar deviation, protraction, retraction

Transverse Joint Movements

Left/Right rotation, medial/lateral rotation, supination, pronation, horizontal abduction, horizontal adduction

Circumduction

Circular motion of a body segment

Inertia

Tendency of a body to resist a change in its state of motion

Mass

Quantity of matter composing a body

Force

Push or pull acting on a body

Free Body Diagram

Sketch that shows a defined system in isolation with all of the force vectors acting on the system

Net force

Single resultant force derived from the composition of all the acting forces

Center of Gravity

Point in which a body’s weight is equally balancd, no matter how the body is positioned

Weight

Gravitational force that the Earth exerts on a body

Pressure

Force per unit of area over which force acts

Volume

3 dimensional space occupied by a body

Density

Mass per unit of volume

Specific Weight

Weight per unit of volume

Torque

The rotary effect of a force

Impulse

The product of force and time over which the force acts

compression

pressing or squeezing force directed axially through the body

tension

pulling or stretching force directed axially through the body

shear

force directed parallel to a surface

stress

force distribution within a body when an external force acts on it

bending

asymmetric loading that produces tension on one side of a body’s longitudinal axis and compression on the other side

torsion

load-producing twisting a body around its longitudinal axis

deformation

change in shape

combined loading

simultaneous action of more than one of the pure forms of loading

repetitive loading

repeated application of a subacute load that is usually of relatively low magnitude

acute loading

application of single force of sufficient magnitude to cause injury to biological tissue

vectors

physical quantity that has magnitude, direction and indicates a point of force application

Bone

provides a rigid skeletal framework and supports and protects other body tissues

stiffness

ratio of stress to strain in a loaded material, that is, the stress divided by the relative amount of change in the structure’s shape

compressive strength

ability to resist pressing or squeezing force

cortical bone

compact mineralized connective tissue with low porosity that is in shafts of long bones

trabecular bone

less compact mineralized connective tissue with high porosity that is found in ends of long bones and in vertebrae

epiphyseal plate

where bone growth occurs

medullary cavity

the central, hollow space within the diaphysis (shaft) of long bones, lined by endosteum and surrounded by dense compact bone

anisotropic

exhibits different strength and stiffness in response to force applied from different directions

axial skeleton

skull, vertebrae, sternum, ribs

appendicular skeleton

bones composing body appendages

short bones

cuboid-shaped, spongy bones covered by a thin layer of compact bone, found primarily in the carpals of the wrist and tarsals of the ankle

long bones

bone that is longer than it is wide, characterized by a shaft (diaphysis) and two ends (epiphyses)

Irregular bones

bones with complex, non-uniform shapes that don't fit into long, short, or flat categories, primarily serving to protect organs and provide support

flat bones

thin, often curved bones that provide extensive protection to organs (e.g., brain, heart) and serve as broad surfaces for muscle attachment

osteoblasts

build new bone

osteoclasts

resorb bone tissue

bone atrophy

Decrease in bone mass resulting from a predominance of

osteoclast activity

Osteoporosis

disorder involving decreased bone mass and strength, which can cause pain and fracturing while engaging in daily activities

Osteopenia

predominance of osteoclast activity and reduced bone mineral density

Fracture

disruption in the continuity of a bone

Avulsion

Tensile loading may cause a tendon or ligament to pull a small chip of bone away from the rest of the bone

Spiral fracture

Excessive bending and torsional loads on long bones

Greenstick fracture

Incomplete fractures caused by bending or torsional loads

Stress reaction

Increases in magnitude or frequency of bone loading

Fissured fracture

incomplete longitudinal break

comminuted fracture

complete longitudinal break

transverse fracture

complete break at a right angle to the axis of the bone

Oblique fracture

fracture at an angle other than a right angle to the axis of the bone

apophysis

location of tendon attachment to a bone

Synarthrosis

immoveable joints

sutures

irregularly grooved articulating bone sheets connected by fibers

Syndesmoses

Dense fibrous tissue binds the bones together and permits limited movement (radioulnar joint)

Amphiarthrotic

slightly moveable joints that attenuate applied forces

Synchondroses

articulating bones are joined by a thin layer of hyaline cartilage (sternocostal joints)

symphyses

have a disc of fibrocartilage separating the bones (vertebral joints and pubic symphasis)

osteochondritis

disruption of blood supply to the epiphysis

lever

relatively rigid object that may be made to

rotate about an axis by the application of force.