endocrine glands A

endocrine and neurotransmitters

synthesize hormones and release them though secretory paths

endocrine

secretion of hormones directly to blood stream

exocrine

secretion of hormones to ducts or glands that lead to GI

paracrine

when hormones act of neighboring cells

autocrine

hormones act on receptors of the same cell that made them

intracrine

when hormones act inside cell without being released

synergistic effects

where two or more hormones work together to produce a result-synergistic results

permissive effects

when one hormone needs to be present for another hormone to exert its full effect on a cell

antagonistic effect

actions of one hormone antagonize the effects of another

hormones that cant pass through membrane have to

bind to surface cell receptors (insulin, GH)

hormones that can pass through membrane

bind to intracellular receptors (steroids)

G protein coupled cell receptors (GPCRs)

cell surface receptors; a ligand has to bind to GPCR in order to undergo a change that activates a G protein

Growth factor receptors

cell surface proteins that bind to growth factors

cytokine receptors

cell surface proteins that bind cytokines and initiate intracellular signaling pathways; important for cell communication

ligand regulated transporters

transmembrane protein that synthesize the 2nd messenger, cGMP, in response to ligand binding to their extracellular domain; regulates paths thru cGMP

nuclear receptors

proteins that bind to DNA and regulate gene transcription