BIOL215 Reproductive System

Chromatid

One half of duplicated chromosome

Meiosis 1 Start

1 cell

Diploid

Duplicated chromosomes

Meiosis 1 End

2 cells

Haploid

Duplicated chromosomes

Early Prophase 1

The duplicated chromosomes become visible chromatids

Middle Prophase 1

Homologous chromosomes synapse to form tetrads. Crossing over may occur at this stage.

Metaphase 1

Aign at the center of the cell.

Anaphase 1

Move apart to opposite sides of the cell.

Telophase 1

New nuclei form, and the cell divides.

Meiosis 2 Start

2 cells

Haploid

Duplicated Chromosomes

Meiosis 2 End

4 cells

Haploid

Unduplicated Chromosomes

Prophase 2

Each chromosome consists of two chromatids.

Metaphase 2

Chromosomes align along the center of the cell.

Anaphase 2

Chromatids separate and each

is now called a chromosome

Telophase 2

New nuclei form around the

chromosomes. The cells divide to

form four daughter cells with a haploid (n) number of chromosomes.

What is the anterior triangle of the Perineum called

Urogenital Triangle

What is the posterior triangle of the Perineum called

Anal Triangle

What separates the Scrotum

raphe

Dartos muscle is found

Within Scrotum

What does the Cremaster muscle do

Contract and pull testes near body

Dartos muscle does what to the scrotum

Wrinkles skin of scrotum to reduce heat loss

Testis are both what kind of glands

Exocrine and Endocrine

What is involved with the Exocrine Gland of the Testis

Sperm cells

What is involved with the Endocrine Gland of the Testis

Testosterone

What are the coverings of the Testes

tunica vaginalis and tunica albuginea

What is the fibromuscular cord connected to the labioscrotal called

Gubernaculum

What covering extends into the testes

Tunica Albuginea

What are these extensions called

Septa

Pathway of Sperm

seminiferous tubules, Tubuli recti, reti testes, efferent ductules, epidymis

What cells produce Testosterone

Intersitial Cells

What cells nourish cells and form a blood-testis barrier

Sustentacular cells (sertoli/nurse)

Spermatogonia divide by mitosis to form

daughter spermatagonia and primary spermatocytes

Primary spermatocytes divide (meiosis I) to form

secondary spermatocytes

Secondary spermatocytes divide (meiosis II) to form

Spermatids (contain 22 autosomes and either X or Y Chromie)

Spermatids develop into sperm cells through the process of

spermiogenesis

What is the final stage of Spermatogenesis

Spermiogenesis

What is the site of sperm cell maturation

Epididymis

Epididymis leads to

vas deferens

Epididymis is lined with microvilli called

Stereocillia

Ductus Deferens/Vas Deferens distal end is called

The Ampulla

What are the accessory glands for the Male

Seminal vesicles, Prostate Gland, Bulbourethral Gland

What does fibrinolysin do

breaks up the coagulation, allowing sperm to move up the vagina

What do Prostaglandins do

stimulate uterine contractions to propel sperm.

What does LH do for the Male

stimulates testosterone secretion

What does FSH do for the Male

stimulates increased spermatogenesis

What does the Placenta secrete that stimulates secretion of testosterone

human chorionic gonadotropin hormone

Ovaries purpose

store immature oocytes and develop mature oocytes

Uterine Tube Purpose

Site of fertilization

Uterus Purpose

houses developing baby

Vagina purpose

Site of sperm depostion, birth canal

Oogenesis

production of oocytes in the ovaries

Oogonia divide by mitosis to produce

daughter oogonia and primary oocytes

Fertilization: begins when a sperm cell binds

to the plasma membrane of a secondary oocyte and penetrates cytoplasm

Where does fertilziation occur

Ampulla

What are the long thin processes that extend from the infundibulum

The Fimbriae

Layers of Fallopian Tubes

Outer serosa

Middle Muscular Layer

Inner Mucosa

Serosa is formed by the

Peritoneum

Parts of the Uterus

fundus, body, isthmus, cervix

Layers of the Uterus

perimetrium, myometrium, endometrium

Perimetrium is the

serous membrane; peritoneum that covers the uterus

Myometrium is the

thick layer of smooth muscle

Endometrium is the

mucous membrane; consists of simple columnar epithelium

Endometrium two layers are

Functional Layer

Basal Layer

Functional layer is the

innermost layer; replaced monthly during menstrual cycle

Basal layer is the

deeper layer; permanent

Sperm is deposited where in the vagina

The Fornix

What is the first menstrual bleeding called

Menarche

Three phases of the Menstrual cycle

menses, proliferative(follicular), secretory(luteal)

Estrogen affects on uterus

Increased smooth muscle contractions

Decreases vaso dilation

Progresterone affects on uterus

Inhibits smooth muscle contractions

Increases vaso dilation

What do Spiral arteries do in Menses

Spiral arteries constrict and layer of endometrium sloughs off

At the Proliferative Phase what happens to endometrium

Endometrium thickens

In the Secretory phase the Endometrium is

At its thickest and prepared for baby

FSH stimulates what in the ovaries

Follicular development and secretes estrogen

Estrogen causes Hypothalamus to stimulate

LH secretion

LH causes a spike that triggers

Ovulation and formation of Corpus Luteum

Corpus Luteum secretes

Progesterone

Progesterone then inhibits

LH and FSH secretion

Capacitation is the

modifications of the sperm to digest away cervical mucus and follicular cells

Cells that are pluripotent mean

They can become any cell type depending on triggers

Outer layer of embryonic mass is - and it secretes

The trophoblast - secretes hCG

hCG causes

Corpus luteum to continue secretions of progesterone

If fertilization and implantation do not occur, what happens to estrogen and progesterone

They decline and LH and FSH secretions begin. cycle restarts

First Trimester (4th week) what deficiency can impact the neural tube

Folate defiance

In the first trimster what has formed

neural tube, beginnings of respiratory system, heart starts beating,

By the end of week 8, what has been etablished

All organs and organ systems have been established.

In the Second Trimester what starts to function

Kidney, liver, spleen and surfacant production

Mother starts to feel fetal movements at what semester

Second Semester

Third Trimester is a period of

Rapid growth and weight gain