Studied by 4 people
Joan of Arc
1412-1431; Middle-class French woman allowed into battle against the British. Won several battles and became a national hero (and eventually granted sainthood) after being burnt for heresy by the British.
Wat Tyler
Leader of English Peasants’ Revolt and martyr for the cause
John Ball
Priest, took part in English Peasants’ Revolt
Pope Boniface VIII
Came into conflict with Philip IV of France for claiming power superior to the French crown
Catherine of Siena
Convinces Pope Gregory XI to leave Avignon for Rome
Pope Gregory XI
Last Avignon Pope; dies shortly following departure from Avignon
John Wycliffe & Jan Hus
Early (pre-printing press) challengers of the power and corrupt direction of the Catholic Church
St. Basil the Great
Bishop and theologian; declares Greek literature may only be used to enhance Christian morality
St. Thomas Aquinas
Suma Theologica, attempted to reconcile Aristotle’s teachings to Christian morality
Cicero
Roman philosopher (et al); idol for Renaissance humanists
Petrarch
Poet Laureate; Author to Africa & Canzoniere, Father of Humanism
Lorenzo Valla
Italian humanist; proved forgery of the Donation of Constantinople and disproves papal inheritance of the land of Constantine
Pico della Mirandola
Oration on the Dignity of Man, “humanist manifesto;” philosophically reorganizes the hierarchy of man. 900 Theses; unite classics with Christianity
Nicollo Machiavelli
The Prince; guidebook for leaders, “the ends justify the means,” roots of absolutism
Baldassare Castiglione
The Book of the Courtier; revives chivalry in an adjusted way
Medici Family
Powerful Florentine banking family, “patrons of the arts”
Johann Gutenberg
Inventor of the printing press
Donatello
Renaissance artist; St. Mark, St. George, David
Leonardo da Vinci
“Renaissance Man;” Mona Lisa, The Last Supper, Vitruvian Man
Michealangelo
Renaissance artist; Pieta, David, Sistine Chapel, The Creation of Adam, Last Judgement, Moses
Raphael
Renaissance artist; La Fornarina, La Velata
Filippo Brunelleschi
Renaissance architect; first buttress
Sir Thomas Moore
Utopia; Inspired by Plato’s Republic, socialist ideas. Catholic martyr and chancellor to Henry VIII
Desiderius Erasmus
The Praise of Folly; satirical critique of the Catholic church. Against the burning of heretics and translator of the Greek & superior Latin New Testament
New Monarchs
More powerful monarchs emerging during the Renaissance; Habsburgs, Ferdinand & Isabella, Tudors
Bartolome de Las Casas
Critic of the Spanish encomienda system in the New World
Prince Henry the Navigator
Patron of expeditions, founded a navigational school
Bartolomeu Dias
Portuguese explorer, navigated and mapped the southern tip of Africa
Vasco da Gama
First European to sail around Africa to India, establishes Portuguese settlements
Christopher Columbus
1492, commissioned by Spain to sail west to get to the “Indian Ocean,” landed in the Bahamas and explored Cuba and Hispaniola
Pedro Alvares Cabral
Portuguese explorer, claims Brazil for Portugual
Amerigo Vespucci
Medici Bank executive, determined that the newfound western territories were not India, but a new continent, following an expedition with Portugual
Ferdinand Magellan
Considered the first to successfully circumnavigate the globe, despite the fact that he died in the process (his crew completed the journey)
Hernan Cortes
Conquered the Aztecs
Francisco Pizarro
Conquered the Incas
Great Famine
1315-1317, 2 years of crop failure in N. Europe leading to millions of deaths, caused by a “little ice age”
Bubonic Plage/Black Death
c.1340s, kills ~40% of the population, leads to shift in societal structure
100 Years’ War
War between the English and French, marks a decline in chivalry and feudalism
English Peasants Revolt
1381, peasants revolt after wages are frozen at pre-plague rates, unsuccessful but marks a decline of serfdom in England
Avignon Papacy
Pope moves to France, Pope now falls under French monarchical control, rise of indulgences and materialism in the church
Great/Western Schism
1378 split of the Catholic Church between French and Italian popes, third pope elected to solve issue but fails; 3 people claiming papacy at the same time
Fall of Constantinople
1453, Ottoman Turks conquer Constantinople, spreading Islam into Europe and disrupting trade
Invention of the Printing Press
Gutenberg’s invention; allows for more accessible spread of information and eventual Protestant Reformation
Italian/High Renaissance
Primarily Greco-Roman revival, art inspired by classical scenes, humanist
Northern Renaissance
Primarily biblically inspired, art inspired by daily life, Christian humanism
Papal Bull 1481
Aeterni regis; grants Portugual all further territorial acquisitions made by Christian powers in Africa to the Indies
Papal Bull 1493
Inter Caetera; supported Spain's strategy to ensure its exclusive right to the lands discovered by Columbus the previous year
Treaty of Tordesillas
Divided the New World into Spanish and Portuguese spheres of influence
Chivalry
“Code of Conduct” for medieval knights; combined German warrior culture with Christian morality
Usury
Loans with interest, forbidden in the Catholic Church, leading Jews to dominate banking
Excommunication
Exclusion from a Church
Classicism
Emphasis on classical studies
Humanism
Belief in human potential, emphasis on classics, and individualistic ideology
Studia Humanitatis
“Study of Humanity;” education of a cultivated human being
Secularism
Separation from religion
Christian Humanism
Embrace of both humanist ideas and Christian morals
Civic Humanism
Classical Republicanism; built on classical philosophies such as consent of the governed, abolition of monarchy, common good, civic virtue, and mixed government
Machiavellianism
Effective leadership, ends justify the means, fear over love
Patronage
Financial support of exploration, the arts, invention, etc.
Contrapposto
Fluid stance in art
Chiaroscuro
Artistic contrast/juxtaposition
Mercantilism
Colonial economic ideology in which colonies exist to serve the mother country and the mother country must export more than it imports (balance of trade)
Jesuits
Sect of Roman Catholic Catholicism formed by Ignatius of Loyola; focus on missionary work and spread of religious education
Cartography
The science of drawing and perfecting maps
Caravel
New ship design which lent itself to increased exploration
Columbian Exchange
Global transport of flora, fauna, cultural practices, and disease between the old and new worlds
Casta System
Rigid class system in Spanish colonies
Encomienda System
System of forced labor enforced by Spanish colonists on the Indigenous people
Commercial Revolution
Shift towards a money based economy in Europe starting in the 16th century
Double-Entry Bookkeeping
New banking system, reaction to massive influx of cash flow in Europe
Joint Stock Companies
Consisted of investors who pooled resources to fund an enterprise and, if it was successful, shared the profits.
Mona Lisa
Da Vinci; famous display of perspective and depth as well as depiction of human form.
Vitruvian Man
Da Vinci; study of anatomy, human form. Considered both scientific and artistic.
Last Supper
Da Vinci; Experimental depiction of biblical events. Focuses on shading, perspective, balance, and centering.
Pieta
Michelangelo; depiction of Mary holding Jesus after crucifixion. Use of size to draw focus.
The Creation of Adam
Michelangelo; Depicts biblical scene and free will.
The Birth of Venus
Botticelli; depicts a Pagan (Roman) classical scene.
Brunelleschi’s Dome
Brunelleschi; first free-standing buttress
Africa, Petrarch
Written in Latin, earns Petrarch the “poet laureate”
Ascent of Mount Ventoux, Petrarch
Inspired by classical greatness and focuses on human potential.
Canzoniere, Petrarch
Vernacular poetry, sonnets to a woman named “Laura,” outlines ideal traits for a Renaissance woman.
Oration on the Dignity of Man, Pico della Mirandola
“Humanist manifesto,” philosophically reorganizes the hierarchy of man
The Prince, Machiavelli
“Handbook for rulers,” focuses on effective leadership, ends over means, and pragmatism.
The Book of the Courtier, Baldassare Castiglione
Guide on how to be respectable. Similar to chivalry but updated and improved.
Utopia, Sir Thomas Moore
Catholic inspired, outlines an ideal society.
In Praise of Folly, Desideris Erasmus
Satirical critique of the Catholic Church. Early roots of the Protestant Reformation.
Four Horsemen
Biblical idea of four factors of the apocalypse: conquest/plague, war, famine, death.
Longbow and Pike
New weaponry of the 100 Years’ War, lead to a decline of chivalry.
Motivations for Age of Exploration
Gold, God, Glory
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Flashcard (48)