AP Euro Unit 1

Joan of Arc

1412-1431; Middle-class French woman allowed into battle against the British. Won several battles and became a national hero (and eventually granted sainthood) after being burnt for heresy by the British.

Wat Tyler

Leader of English Peasants’ Revolt and martyr for the cause

John Ball

Priest, took part in English Peasants’ Revolt

Pope Boniface VIII

Came into conflict with Philip IV of France for claiming power superior to the French crown

Catherine of Siena

Convinces Pope Gregory XI to leave Avignon for Rome

Pope Gregory XI

Last Avignon Pope; dies shortly following departure from Avignon

John Wycliffe & Jan Hus

Early (pre-printing press) challengers of the power and corrupt direction of the Catholic Church

St. Basil the Great

Bishop and theologian; declares Greek literature may only be used to enhance Christian morality

St. Thomas Aquinas

Suma Theologica, attempted to reconcile Aristotle’s teachings to Christian morality

Cicero

Roman philosopher (et al); idol for Renaissance humanists

Petrarch

Poet Laureate; Author to Africa & Canzoniere, Father of Humanism

Lorenzo Valla

Italian humanist; proved forgery of the Donation of Constantinople and disproves papal inheritance of the land of Constantine

Pico della Mirandola

Oration on the Dignity of Man, “humanist manifesto;” philosophically reorganizes the hierarchy of man. 900 Theses; unite classics with Christianity

Nicollo Machiavelli

The Prince; guidebook for leaders, “the ends justify the means,” roots of absolutism

Baldassare Castiglione

The Book of the Courtier; revives chivalry in an adjusted way

Medici Family

Powerful Florentine banking family, “patrons of the arts”

Johann Gutenberg

Inventor of the printing press

Donatello

Renaissance artist; St. Mark, St. George, David

Leonardo da Vinci

“Renaissance Man;” Mona Lisa, The Last Supper, Vitruvian Man

Michealangelo

Renaissance artist; Pieta, David, Sistine Chapel, The Creation of Adam, Last Judgement, Moses

Raphael

Renaissance artist; La Fornarina, La Velata

Filippo Brunelleschi

Renaissance architect; first buttress

Sir Thomas Moore

Utopia; Inspired by Plato’s Republic, socialist ideas. Catholic martyr and chancellor to Henry VIII

Desiderius Erasmus

The Praise of Folly; satirical critique of the Catholic church. Against the burning of heretics and translator of the Greek & superior Latin New Testament

New Monarchs

More powerful monarchs emerging during the Renaissance; Habsburgs, Ferdinand & Isabella, Tudors

Bartolome de Las Casas

Critic of the Spanish encomienda system in the New World

Prince Henry the Navigator

Patron of expeditions, founded a navigational school

Bartolomeu Dias

Portuguese explorer, navigated and mapped the southern tip of Africa

Vasco da Gama

First European to sail around Africa to India, establishes Portuguese settlements

Christopher Columbus

1492, commissioned by Spain to sail west to get to the “Indian Ocean,” landed in the Bahamas and explored Cuba and Hispaniola

Pedro Alvares Cabral

Portuguese explorer, claims Brazil for Portugual

Amerigo Vespucci

Medici Bank executive, determined that the newfound western territories were not India, but a new continent, following an expedition with Portugual

Ferdinand Magellan

Considered the first to successfully circumnavigate the globe, despite the fact that he died in the process (his crew completed the journey)

Hernan Cortes

Conquered the Aztecs

Francisco Pizarro

Conquered the Incas

Great Famine

1315-1317, 2 years of crop failure in N. Europe leading to millions of deaths, caused by a “little ice age”

Bubonic Plage/Black Death

c.1340s, kills ~40% of the population, leads to shift in societal structure

100 Years’ War

War between the English and French, marks a decline in chivalry and feudalism

English Peasants Revolt

1381, peasants revolt after wages are frozen at pre-plague rates, unsuccessful but marks a decline of serfdom in England

Avignon Papacy

Pope moves to France, Pope now falls under French monarchical control, rise of indulgences and materialism in the church

Great/Western Schism

1378 split of the Catholic Church between French and Italian popes, third pope elected to solve issue but fails; 3 people claiming papacy at the same time

Fall of Constantinople

1453, Ottoman Turks conquer Constantinople, spreading Islam into Europe and disrupting trade

Invention of the Printing Press

Gutenberg’s invention; allows for more accessible spread of information and eventual Protestant Reformation

Italian/High Renaissance

Primarily Greco-Roman revival, art inspired by classical scenes, humanist

Northern Renaissance

Primarily biblically inspired, art inspired by daily life, Christian humanism

Papal Bull 1481

Aeterni regis; grants Portugual all further territorial acquisitions made by Christian powers in Africa to the Indies

Papal Bull 1493

Inter Caetera; supported Spain's strategy to ensure its exclusive right to the lands discovered by Columbus the previous year

Treaty of Tordesillas

Divided the New World into Spanish and Portuguese spheres of influence

Chivalry

“Code of Conduct” for medieval knights; combined German warrior culture with Christian morality

Usury

Loans with interest, forbidden in the Catholic Church, leading Jews to dominate banking

Excommunication

Exclusion from a Church

Classicism

Emphasis on classical studies

Humanism

Belief in human potential, emphasis on classics, and individualistic ideology

Studia Humanitatis

“Study of Humanity;” education of a cultivated human being

Secularism

Separation from religion

Christian Humanism

Embrace of both humanist ideas and Christian morals

Civic Humanism

Classical Republicanism; built on classical philosophies such as consent of the governed, abolition of monarchy, common good, civic virtue, and mixed government

Machiavellianism

Effective leadership, ends justify the means, fear over love

Patronage

Financial support of exploration, the arts, invention, etc.

Contrapposto

Fluid stance in art

Chiaroscuro

Artistic contrast/juxtaposition

Mercantilism

Colonial economic ideology in which colonies exist to serve the mother country and the mother country must export more than it imports (balance of trade)

Jesuits

Sect of Roman Catholic Catholicism formed by Ignatius of Loyola; focus on missionary work and spread of religious education

Cartography

The science of drawing and perfecting maps

Caravel

New ship design which lent itself to increased exploration

Columbian Exchange

Global transport of flora, fauna, cultural practices, and disease between the old and new worlds

Casta System

Rigid class system in Spanish colonies

Encomienda System

System of forced labor enforced by Spanish colonists on the Indigenous people

Commercial Revolution

Shift towards a money based economy in Europe starting in the 16th century

Double-Entry Bookkeeping

New banking system, reaction to massive influx of cash flow in Europe

Joint Stock Companies

Consisted of investors who pooled resources to fund an enterprise and, if it was successful, shared the profits.

Mona Lisa

Da Vinci; famous display of perspective and depth as well as depiction of human form.

Vitruvian Man

Da Vinci; study of anatomy, human form. Considered both scientific and artistic.

Last Supper

Da Vinci; Experimental depiction of biblical events. Focuses on shading, perspective, balance, and centering.

Pieta

Michelangelo; depiction of Mary holding Jesus after crucifixion. Use of size to draw focus.

The Creation of Adam

Michelangelo; Depicts biblical scene and free will.

The Birth of Venus

Botticelli; depicts a Pagan (Roman) classical scene.

Brunelleschi’s Dome

Brunelleschi; first free-standing buttress

Africa, Petrarch

Written in Latin, earns Petrarch the “poet laureate”

Ascent of Mount Ventoux, Petrarch

Inspired by classical greatness and focuses on human potential.

Canzoniere, Petrarch

Vernacular poetry, sonnets to a woman named “Laura,” outlines ideal traits for a Renaissance woman.

Oration on the Dignity of Man, Pico della Mirandola

“Humanist manifesto,” philosophically reorganizes the hierarchy of man

The Prince, Machiavelli

“Handbook for rulers,” focuses on effective leadership, ends over means, and pragmatism.

The Book of the Courtier, Baldassare Castiglione

Guide on how to be respectable. Similar to chivalry but updated and improved.

Utopia, Sir Thomas Moore

Catholic inspired, outlines an ideal society.

In Praise of Folly, Desideris Erasmus

Satirical critique of the Catholic Church. Early roots of the Protestant Reformation.

Four Horsemen

Biblical idea of four factors of the apocalypse: conquest/plague, war, famine, death.

Longbow and Pike

New weaponry of the 100 Years’ War, lead to a decline of chivalry.

Motivations for Age of Exploration

Gold, God, Glory