Unit 5 - The Protist Kingdom + Protozoa

Unit 5, Chapter 19

Characteristics of Protists

eukaryotic, typically single-celled, do not have a defined shape, can be heterotrophic and autotrophic, can be sexual or asexual reproducers, and include both pathogens and symbiotes.

Symbiotes

organisms that help and receive help from other organisms

Types of Protists

animal-like protists (protozoa), plant-like protists, fungus-like protists

Protozoa

animal-like protists

four major groups of protozoa

amoeboids (amoebas), flagellates, ciliates, and apicompleza (sporozoa)

what are the four groups of protozoa classifed by?

their ability to move

Amoeboids (amoebas)

protists that constantly change their shape in order to move by using their pseudopods

Pseudopods

a part of the amoeba’s cytoplasm temporarily used as a foot

The way amoebas move

they extend their cytoplasm outwards and use pseudopods to grip and pull themselves in the direction they want to move, changing the original shape of the amoeba.

Phagocytosis

the process in which amoebas use their pseudopods to eat/gain nutrients

How does an amoeba use phagocytosis?

They surround a substance using its pseudopods and drags the substance into its body

Where do pseudopods typically grow?

they can grow from any part of the amoeba, so it is capable of eating with any part of its body.

Flagellates

protozoa that use long, hairlike body parts (flagella) to move

The way flagellates move

they whip their flagella around to “swim” on surfaces

Zooflagellates

heterotrophic flagellates that eat using phogocytosis (like amoeba)

phytoflagellates

autotrophic flagellates that contain chlorophyll, allowing them to obtain nutrients through photosynthesis

Ciliates

protozoa that use cilia, small hairs around their body, to move

The way ciliates move

the cilia sway back and forth, utilizing a motion similar to rowing a boat, allowing them to push themselves across surfaces

two: macronucleus and micronucleus

How many nuclei do ciliates contain as eukaryotes?

Macronucleus

the larger of two nuclei and handles all of the cell functions except ones regarding reproduction

Micronucleus

handles reproduction processes

only the genes contained in the micronucleus are passed onto the offspring, and a new macronucleus is created from the genes of the micronucleus

how do ciliates reproduce?

Apicomplexa (sporozoa)

protists that are completely immobile

Due to their ability to form sporelike cells

why are apicompleza known as sporozoa

they use hosts to hitch a ride and also use them for nutrients

how do sporozoa move?

through the apical complex and trick host cells into thinking they are safe

how do sporozoa enter host cells?

made up of the apical cap and rhoptries

what is the apical complex?

apical cap

the tip of the sporozoa

rhoptries

produce enzymes to make it easier to invade host cells