Chemical Messengers

pre and post

You can breakdown cell signaling into 5 steps.  The order of these steps is

signal, reception, transduction, response, termination

Choose all of the following that can be true of hydrophobic signaling molecules.

They typically bind with intracellular receptors. They cannot be used in direct signaling. The source cell can only produce them when needed - they cannot be stored in the source cell. As hormones, they are typically bound to plasma carrier proteins. As soon as the source cell produces them they simply diffuse away from the source of production. 

Which of the following, small, intracellular molecules are involved in the process of Transduction?  Choose all that apply.

cAMP, IP3, DAG, Ca2+, cGMP

This response type includes both Transcription and Translation processes

change in gene expression

This response will either increase or decrease the cell's use of energy

change metabolic rate

This response is caused by a change in the position or movement of ions - sometime through primary and/or secondary active transporters

change in membrane potential

Any signaling molecule that moves through the blood

Hormone

The process of a signaling molecule attaching to a cellular receptor

Reception 

A very specific type of signaling where the source cell must be a neuron

Synaptic or neurotransmission signaling 

A specific type of signaling where either the source or the target or both cells move to signal each other

Juxtacrine signaling

A multi-step, intracellular mechanism that usually uses a second messenger

Transduction

A specific type of signaling where the source and target are separated by blood

Endocrine signaling

The type of junction used to directly couple a source and target cell together

gap junctions

Includes glycine and aspartate

Amino acids

Includes ADH and oxytocin

Proteins/peptides

Includes testosterone and progesterone

Steroids

Includes Serotonin and T3/T4

Amines

Includes thromboxanes and leucotrienes

Eicosanoids 

All amine signaling molecules are hydrophilic.

False 

If your cell produces cortisol, then it will

only be made when it is needed 

Once that cortisol is made it can be

released using simple diffusion

If a cell produces insulin, then it will

be produced anytime and stored in vesicles inside the source cell

  Once that insulin is made it can be

released using exocytosis

In order for Thromboxane A2 to travel in the blood it needs to

be bound to a plasma carrier protein which enables it to have a very long half life

When it gets to its target cell it will bind with a(n)

intracellular receptor

In order for epinephrine to travel in the blood it needs to

flow freely in the plasma which will enable it to only have a short half-life in the blood

When it gets to its target cell it will bind with a(n)

cell-surface receptor

Which of the following are second messengers?  Choose all that apply.

cAMP, Ca2+, IP3, DAG, cGMP