Studied by 1 person
Al Gore, George W. Bush, Bush v. Gore, Collin Powell, Al-Qaeda, asymmetric warfare, Osama bin Laden, Afghanistan, Taliban, September 11, 2011, World Trade Center, USA PATRIOT Act, Department of Homeland Security, director of national intelligence, axis of evil, Saddam Hussein, weapons of mass destruction (WMDs), Operation Iraqi Freedom, war of choice, regime change, elections of 2004, John Kerry, unilateralism approach, Kyoto Accord, Bush Doctrine, Barack Obama, Hillary Clinton, John McCain, Arab Spring, ISIS, Ukraine, Vladimir Putin, Cuba, cyber attacks, WikiLeaks
election of 2000
Democrats: Al Gore
Republicans (won) : George W. Bush
Supreme Court of Florida ordered recount of votes as requested by Gore campaign
Bush v. Gore - U.S. Supreme Court overruled Supreme Court of Florida saying that the recount used varied standards and violated the 14th amendment’s equal protection clause
George W. Bush and the war on terrorism
no experience in foreign policy, surrounded with veterans of previous Republican administrations
confident and aggressive approach
General Collin Powell - first African American secretary of state
roots of terrorism
Ottoman Empire replaced by secular nation-states after WWI
religious fundamentalists were against modernization, U.S. stationing troops in the Middle East was seen as a violation of lands
Al-Qaeda “The Base” - organization of Islamic extremists preaching jihad (holy war against “Jews and Crusaders”) and restoration of Islamic caliphate/realm
early terrorist attacks
asymmetric warfare - small band of militants inflicted great damage on more powerful country
World Trade Center truck bombing (1993)
bombings of U.S. embassies in Kenya and Tanzania (1998)
U.S. bombs Al-Qaeda camps in Afghanistan and Sudan
Al-Qaeda leader Osama bin Laden fled to Afghanistan and allied with the Taliban (Islamic fundamentalists in control of Afghanistan)
suicide bombers nearly sank USS Cole warship
September 11, 2001
terrorist attacks on World Trade Center, Pentagon, and Pennsylvania, strong public outcry
war in Afghanistan
U.S. overthrows Taliban government for refusing to turn over Osama bin Laden and other Al-Qaeda leaders, Afghanistan remained unstable
homeland security
USA PATRIOT Act of 2001 - gave U.S. government unparalleled powers to obtain information, expanded surveillance and arrest powers
unlimited wiretaps, records of phone calls and emails, imprisonment and alleged torture of suspects at Guantanamo Bay
Department of Homeland Security - Bush combined 20+ federal agencies (Secret Service, Coast Guard, customs and immigration agencies, etc.), reorganization of government
created director of national intelligence (2004) - coordinating intelligence activities of all agencies
Iraq War
Bush’s axis of evil - Iraq, North Korea, Iran
Bush administration publicly asserted connection between September 11, 2001 attacks and Iraq’s Saddam Hussein despite no link being found by intelligence agencies
Bush administration asserted Iraq’s development of nuclear or biological weapons of mass destruction (WMDs) that could be used or sold to terrorists
none found in UN security council inspection
Operation Iraqi Freedom (2003) - U.S. forces overran Iraqi forces, captured capital city, ended Hussein’s dictatorship
no WMDs found, criticism of war of choice and regime change
insurgents continued to attack U.S. and each other, insufficient troops to control country
photographs of U.S. troops mistreating prisoners at Abu Ghraib diminished the U.S’s reputation
elections of 2004
Democrats: John Kerry
Republicans (won): George W. Bush
expanded majorities in Congress
Bush’s second term
unresolved war in Iraq and Afghanistan, nuclear threats from Iran and North Korea
foreign policy (good) - expansion of EU and NATO, admission of China into WTO, brokered conflicts between India and Pakistan
unilateralism approach - not valuing cooperation with other nations
refusal to join Kyoto Accord to combat climate change
walked out of UN racism conference
abandoned 1972 Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty with Russia
refusal to negotiate with North Korea and Iran
Bush Doctrine - deemed containment and deterrence ineffective in a world with terrorism, justified preemptive attacks
election of 2008
Democrats (won) - nominated Barack Obama instead of Hillary Clinton - message for change, opposition to Iraq war, economy on brink of collapse
Republicans: John McCain
Obama’s foreign policy in the Middle East
Iraq - winding down ground combat operations, forces withdraw 2011
Afghanistan - prioritized fighting Al-Qaeda and Taliban, long-term partnership agreement with Afghanistan (2012)
Osama bin Laden killed (2011) by CIA and Navy SEAL’s operation
Arab Spring (2010) - protests and rebellions in Middle East, Syrian humanitarian crisis and refugees
ISIS (Islamic State of Iraq and Syria) vows to create worldwide caliphate under strict Islamic law and gains momentum using social media
preventing Iran from developing and producing nuclear bombs for at least 15 years (2015)
Obama’s foreign policy everywhere else
Asia
Trans-Pacific Partnership not ratified because the U.S. turned against globalization
North Korea developed more nuclear weapons and long-range missiles
Europe struggled after Great Recession of 2008, resurgence of nationalism
Russia
Ukraine’s pro-Russian government overthrown by pro-western movement
Vladimir Putin orchestrated revolt of Pro-Russian partisans of Ukraine
U,S, and European nations retaliated, economic sanctions placed on Russia and its leaders
Cuba - Obama starts slow normalization of relations with Cuba
cyber attacks from stealing U.S. private and government digital data
WikiLeaks - anti-secrecy group that used Russian agents to hack documents and emails from Hillary Clinton’s 2016 presidential campaign to disrupt election
