💚animal responses💚

how do receptors communicate with effectors?

nervous and endocrine system

what is the nervous system split up into?

CNS and peripheral NS

what are the 2 types of peripheral NS?

somatic and autonomic

what does somatic NS control?

conscious activities e.g running, playing games

what does autonomic NS control?

unconscious activities e.g digestion and heart rate

what are the 2 types of autonomic NS?

sympathetic and parasympathetic

what do sympathetic neurons release when stimulated?

neurotransmitter noradrenaline to increase HR

what do parasympathetic neurones release when stimulated?

neurotransmitter acetylcholine to reduce HR

what is the largest part of the brain?

cerebrum

what is the cerebrum split into?

2 halves called cerebral hemispheres

what is the thin outer folder layer of the cerebrum called?

cerebral cortex

what is the cerebrum involved in?

vision, hearing, learning and thinking

where is the hypothalamus found?

just beneath the middle part of the brain

what does the hypothalamus maintain?

body temperature

what does the hypothalamus produce to control the pituitary gland?

hormones

where is the medulla oblongata found?

at the base of the brain at the top of the spinal cord

what does the medulla oblongata control?

breathing rate and heart rate

where is the cerebellum found?

underneath the cerebrum

what is the cerebellum important for?

muscle coordination, posture and coordination of balance

where is the pituitary gland found?

beneath the hypothalamus

what is the function of the pituitary gland?

releases hormones and stimulates other glands

what is a reflex action?

where the body responds to a stimulus without making a conscious decision to respond

what is the reflex action pathway?

stimulus, receptor, CNS, effector, response

what are the 2 types of peripheral nervous system?

somatic and autonomic

what is the secondary messenger model for adrenaline?

adrenaline binds to receptor. hormone receptor complex forms and conformational change to receptor activates adenylate cyclase. that converts ATP to cAMP. results in glycogenolysis

what receptors are involved in changing heart rate?

baroreceptors and chemoreceptors

is collagen flexible or inflexible?

flexible

what happens if you damage your cerebrum?

risk of memory loss

what does adrenal cyclase do?

change ATP into cAMP to activate glycolysis

what is the issue of being in prolonged fight or flight stress?

high blood pressure over time could lead to cardiovascular problems

high blood sugar could lead to diabetes

what muscle is used to move?

skeletal muscle

what are skeletal cells made up of?

muscle fibres

what is the cell membrane of muscle fibres cells called?

sarcolemma

what is it called when bits of the sarcolemma fold inwards?

transverse t tubules

what is the skeletal muscle cells cytoplasm called?

sarcoplasm

what is the network of internal membranes in skeletal muscle called?

sarcoplasmic reticulum

what does the sarcoplasmic reticulum store and release?

calcium ions

what do muscle fibres have lots of?

mitochondria

how many nuclei do muscle fibres have?

many (multinucleated)

what are muscle fibres long organelles called?

myofibrils

what are myofibrils made up of?

proteins

what do myofibrils contain?

myofilaments

what are thick myofilaments made up of?

myosin

what are thin myofilaments made up of?

actin

how do calcium ions help muscle contraction?

remove trypomyosin from binding sites

activates ATPase

what part of sacromere has only myosin?

H zone

what is it called when myosin head binds?

cross bridge forms

can t test be negative?

yes

how does a muscle relax?

calcium ions leave binding sites, tropomyosin blocks actin binding sites again, no myosin heads attached so actin filaments slide back to relaxed position

what are 3 proteins in muscles?

actin

tropomyosin

troponin

what zone gets smaller during muscle contraction?

h zone

what is atp needed for in muscle contraction?

breaking cross bridges

active transport of calcium ions into sarcoplasmic reticulum