historyof psych exam 1 pt

Historiography

The study of methods and approaches used in the study of history.

Zeitgeist

The defining spirit or mood of a particular era in history.

Pre-Socratic Greece

An era concerning philosophical inquiry about the nature of the universe.

Classical Greece

A period focusing on the nature of the soul and the relationship between mind and body.

Natural Order

The concept that suggests the fittest individuals should lead in society.

Stoicism

A philosophy that advocates accepting fate and controlling one's reactions.

Epicureanism

A philosophy suggesting indulgence in moderation without constant excess.

Middle Ages Theology

A period where Christianity was dominant, impacting knowledge and civilization.

Scholasticism

The practice of preserving and interpreting texts during the Middle Ages.

Islamic World Contributions

Significant advances in science and mathematics during the medieval period.

Renaissance

A cultural movement marked by advancements in arts, science, and humanism.

Enlightenment

A period emphasizing reason and individualism over tradition.

Socrates

A classical Greek philosopher who engaged in dialogues to uncover truth.

Plato's Idealism

The belief in a perfect ideal world that informs our understanding of reality.

Aristotle's Empiricism

The belief that knowledge comes from sensory experience and observation.

Timaeus

A dialogue by Plato on cosmology and the nature of the universe.

Allegory of the Cave

A philosophical metaphor by Plato illustrating the difference between perception and reality.

Hippocratic Corpus

A collection of medical texts attributed to Hippocrates and his followers.

Humoral Theory

The theory that health and illness result from the balance of four bodily humors.

Four Humors

Blood, yellow bile, black bile, and phlegm thought to affect health.

Nativism

The belief in inherent qualities of the mind that determine knowledge.

Rationalism

The philosophy that emphasizes reason as the primary source of knowledge.

Aristotle's Scale of Nature

A hierarchy of souls: vegetative, sensitive, and rational souls.

Neoplatonism

A philosophical system that posits reality as a reflection of the divine.

Causality

The relationship between causes and outcomes or events.

Galileo's Contributions

Refined the telescope and challenged the geocentric model of the universe.

Copernican Revolution

The astronomical shift from a geocentric to a heliocentric understanding of the universe.

Montaigne's Skepticism

An approach challenging established beliefs, particularly in knowledge and reasoning.

Bacon's Idols

Concepts proposed by Francis Bacon that hinder human understanding: Tribe, Cave, Marketplace, and Theatre.

Hume's Empiricism

The philosophical stance that knowledge comes primarily from sensory experience.

Quantum Theory

A branch of physics that describes the behavior of particles at a subatomic level.

Heberden's Law

A principle in biology related to the identification of causal relationships.

Existentialism

A philosophical movement emphasizing individual existence and experience.

Utilitarianism

An ethical theory that advocates for actions that maximize happiness.

De Rerum Natura

A poem by Lucretius discussing atomism and the nature of existence.

Mechanism

The belief that natural processes can be explained through physical causes and laws.

Ontology

The philosophical study of being and existence.

Epistemology

The study of knowledge and justified belief.

Moral Sense Philosophy

The view that humans have an innate moral sensibility.

Naturalism

The belief that everything arises from natural properties and causes.

Paleontology

The scientific study of life history through fossil examination.

Plato's Cosmology

His view that the universe is crafted by a creator being.

Averroes

Islamic philosopher known for his commentaries on Aristotle's work.

William Harvey

The physician who discovered the circulation of blood.

Thomas Hobbes

Political philosopher known for his social contract theory.

John Locke

Philosopher who proposed that the mind is a 'blank slate' at birth.

Lucretius

Ancient philosopher who advocated for atomistic materialism.

Rhazes

A Persian physician who advanced medical understanding in the Islamic Golden Age.

Charlemagne

The ruler who established educational institutions throughout his empire.

Causation

The action of causing something; establishing a causal relationship.

Hegelian Dialectic

A method of argument involving contradictory processes leading to the truth.

Kant's Transcendental Idealism

A theory positing that knowledge arises from the interaction of sensory experiences and a priori concepts.

Utilitarian Calculus

A method used to evaluate the moral worth of actions based on their consequences.

Political Realism

A view in international relations that emphasizes power and national interests.

Apriori Knowledge

Knowledge that is independent of experience.

Epicurus

Philosopher who advocated for moderation in pleasure and avoidance of pain.

Descartes' Cogito

The philosophical statement 'I think, therefore I am' as a foundation of knowledge.

Renaissance Humanism

A movement that emphasized human potential and achievements.

Scientific Method

A systematic approach to inquiry involving observation and experimentation.

Behaviorism

A psychological approach focusing on observable behavior rather than internal processes.

Humanism

A philosophical stance that emphasizes the value of human existence and rationality.

Cartesian Dualism

The idea that the mind and body are distinct and separable.

Machiavellianism

A political theory advocating for cunning and duplicity in statecraft.

Newtonian Physics

The laws of motion and universal gravitation formulated by Isaac Newton.

Renaissance Science

The emergence of empirical methods reflected in art and literature of the time.

Empirical Evidence

Information gained by observation or experimentation.

Galileo's Telescope

An instrument that enhanced astronomical observations and challenged established beliefs.

Koine Greek

The common dialect of the Greek language during the Hellenistic and Roman periods.

Toleration

The practice of allowing and respecting diverse beliefs and practices.

Subjective Experience

Personal perceptions and interpretations of events.

Public Sphere

An arena where individuals engage in discourse about societal issues.

Civic Virtue

The cultivation of habits important for the success of the community.

Rhetorical Analysis

The examination of how texts influence audiences and construct meaning.

Dialectics

A method of discourse associated with Socratic dialogue and Hegelian philosophy.

Conflict Theory

A sociological perspective that views societal conflict as the foundation of social change.

Postmodernism

A movement emphasizing relativism and skepticism of objective truth.

Folk Psychology

Common-sense understanding of mental states and behavior.

Psychology of Religion

Study of human beliefs, practices, and experiences related to spirituality.

Political Philosophy

The study of concepts such as justice, rights, and the role of government.

Social Contract Theory

The idea that individuals consent to form governments for mutual protection.

Human Capital Theory

The concept that education and skills enhance an individual's economic value.

Cognitive Dissonance

The mental discomfort experienced when holding contradictory beliefs.

Structuration Theory

A social theory that analyzes the relationship between individual agency and social structures.

Transcendentalism

A philosophical movement emphasizing individuality and self-reliance.

Analytic Philosophy

A style of philosophy focused on clarity and argumentative rigor.

Globalization

The process of increased interconnectedness among countries through trade and communication.

Cultural Relativism

The belief that cultural norms and values derive their meaning within a specific context.

Meritocracy

A system where advancement is based on individual ability or achievement.

Psychoanalysis

A therapeutic approach focusing on unconscious processes influencing behavior.

Intersubjectivity

Shared understanding among individuals that emerges in social interactions.

Self-actualization

The realization of one's potential and capabilities.

Philosophy of Mind

The study of the nature of the mind and its relationship to the body.

Natural Rights Theory

The belief that individuals have inherent rights that cannot be violated.

Human Rights

Rights that are believed to belong justifiably to every person.

Scenario Analysis

A strategic planning method used to make flexible long-term plans.

Speech Act Theory

The study of how utterances can function as actions in communication.

Ethical Egoism

The normative ethical theory that suggests individuals should act in their own self-interest.

Visa Aesthetics

A critical theory exploring representation in the context of identity and culture.

Contingent Compatibility

The idea that human actions can coexist with deterministic views.

Epistemic Justification

The criterion for what makes a belief justified or rational.