General Science

Zeroth Law (Laws of Thermodynamics)

If two systems C & B are in thermal equilibrium separately with a system A, then C & B are also in thermal equilibrium with each other.

Temperature is something we can measure, and heat flows until things are the same temperature.

First Law (Laws of Thermodynamics)

Energy cannot be created or destroyed, it can only be transformed.

△U=q+w

Second Law (Laws of Thermodynamics)

Things naturally spread out (disorder increases)

Heat flows from hot things to cold things, not the other way around

Systems tend to become more disordered (this is called entropy).

Third Law (Laws of Thermodynamics)

Absolute zero is the limit

You can’t get colder than absolute zero. It’s the “bottom” of the temperature scale.

Heat

Energy transfer from one body or system to another due to thermal contact.

Temperature

Temperature is a measurement of an objects stored heat energy.

Mass

Is the measure of the amount of matter. The measure of the number of atoms in a given object.

Weight

A force that is caused by the gravitational pull of the Earth.

Volume

A measure of the amount of three dimensional space that is being occupied by a liquid, solid, or gas.

Density

The measurement of how compact an object is.

(D=m/V) destiny is mass divided by volume

Specific gravity

It is the ratio of an object’s density's and contact substance.

Thermal Contact

Thermal contact = being able to exchange heat.

No thermal contact = heat is blocked.

Magnetic Fields

Electrons create tiny magnetic fields (from spin + orbit).

In most atoms, they cancel.

In magnetic materials, many align → forming a strong overall magnetic field.

Electric force

The attractive force between the electrons and the nucleus

Electric field

A positive (+) charge or a negative ( - ) charge creates a field of sorts in the empty space around it.