IAC Red Set 2024-25 Science & History Questions

Chromosomes

The Z-W system of these structures is common in birds and snakes. Turner Syndrome may result from the absence of one of these structures, or from the absence of one of their p-arms. An extra one of these structures may cause (*) Klinefelter Syndrome, and a replication of another of these, trisomy-21, causes Down Syndrome. Humans have twenty-three pairs of, for 10 points, what structures that carry genes, such as sex-determining X and Y ones?

chromosomes

Aurora B helps correct merotelic and syntelic attachments to these things, ensuring their proper biorientation. These things are organized by SMC proteins like condensin and cohesin. The synaptonemal complex acts as a scaffolding between these things, allowing them to form links called "chiasmata." These things are attached to the spindle apparatus by a protein complex called a (*)"kinetochore" that binds to their centromeres. These things line up along an imaginary "plate" during metaphase, helping ensure that each mitotic daughter cell gets an equal number. For 10 points, name these tightly bundled complexes of histones and DNA, of which humans have 23 pairs per cell.

chromosomes

CCG repeats on the FMR1 portion of one of these structures can cause it to become “fragile.” Lyonization of one of these structures can inactivate it and form a Barr body. Having an extra one of these structures might result in Klinefelter’s syndrome or (*)Down syndrome, which is also known as trisomy 21. For 10 points, name these structures that carry genetic information, examples of which include X and Y kinds.

chromosome

The salivary glands of Drosophila contain oversized or “polytene” forms of these formations, and their “Philadelphia” variety are often found in leukemia patients. In bacteria, these structures are circular and called (*) plasmids, and these structures are depicted in photographs called karyotypes. Patients with Down Syndrome contain three of the twenty-first of these. For 10 points, name these structures that contain genetic material for which humans have 23 pairs.

chromosomes

The Philadelphia type of this structure results from a translocation error. Another example of these structures can condense into a Barr body. The centromere is important to the separation of these structures. They are organized by length in pictures called (*) karyotypes, which can show the presence of a trisomy in people with Down syndrome. X and Y are the sex types of, for 10 points, what DNA structures found in 23 pairs in human cells?

chromosomes

Two of these structures fuse together in a phenomenon named for William Robertson, and they can form a fibrous corona when initiated by the spindle checkpoint. Centimorgans measure the length of these structures, which contain repeating TTAGGG sequences. During prometaphase, kinetochores on the centromeres of these objects attach to microtubules. Prokaryotic plasmids are analogous to these structures, which can undergo aneuploidy as a result of their non-disjunction. Telomerase lengthens the ends of them, and a third copy of one of them structures can result in Down syndrome. For 10 points, name these paired structures consisting of DNA that can come in X and Y varieties.

chromosomes

The difference in the number of these things possessed by the various castes of hymenopterans is believed to be linked to the evolution of eusociality. Distances along them are measured in centimorgans. Haplogroups based on mitochondria or one of these are the most frequently investigated ones. Telomerase lengthens the ends of these things. Having an abnormal number of these sub-cellular structures is called aneuploidy, and one example of that is Downs’s syndrome. Staining and viewing them under a microscope is known as karyotyping. For 10 points, name these things that number forty-six in most human cells and contain densely-packed DNA.

chromosomes

The laboratory process of G-banding uses Giemsa dye to stain these bodies, and an error in which a large portion of one joins to another is named for Robertson. Largely composed of spherical proteins called histones wound in supercoils, their ends contain repetitive telomeres. These bodies can undergo translocation, and are spread out for viewing in a karyotype. For 10 points, name these dense DNA-containing structures of which human cells have 46, including X and Y.

neurons

These cells are stained using antibodies to the splicing factor Fox3, or by their namesake specific enolase. Ischemia of these cells leads to the destruction of their rough ER via chromatolysis. Protein kinase A phosphorylates AMPA receptors after they bind to glutamate on the surface of these cells, causing long-term potentiation. These cells are supported by oligodendrocytes, Schwann cells, and other (*) glia. The sodium-potassium pump maintains the resting potential of these cells. These cells send signals called action potentials through the axons, which are received by dendrites across a synapse. For 10 points, name these cells of the nervous system.

neurons

These cells’ namesake doctrine explains that they are individual units, rather than a continuous chain. Camillo Golgi separated the multipolar types of these cells into two groups, and he also stained the Purkinje [pur-kin-jee] variety of these cells. Oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells assist in the formation of the myelin sheath around the (*) axons of these cells. Signals jump from the axons to the dendrites of these cells at a synapse. In mammals, the cerebellum contains the highest density of these cells. For 10 points, name these cells that transport electrical and chemical signals throughout the body.

neurons

Vesicle fusion in these cells are mediated by complexes containing VAMP1 and VAMP2, which are examples of SNARE proteins. Applying silver nitrate to a formaldehyde mixture of these cells can stain them for microscopy in a “black reaction” named for Golgi. Naked mole rats were found to lack Substance P, which is a peptide secreted by these cells to induce nociception. The lipid (*) myelin increases the rate of action potentials on the membranes of these cells. Dendrites at the end of these cells transmit and receive electrical signals across synapses. For ten points, name these cells, the basic units of the nervous system.

neurons

The discovery of these cells involved the use of silver nitrate in a “black reaction.” In a doctrine named after these cells, Santiago Cajal posits that they operate as discrete non-continuous units. Astroglia provide blood and nutrients for these cells in the (*)spinal cord, and oligo-dendro-cytes produce myelin to speed up action potentials along these cells' axons. For 10 points, identify these cells which carry signals through the nervous system.

neurons

Immune attack on these cells results in a disease in which an LP shows albuminocytologic (“AL-byoo-MIN-oh-SIGH-toe-logic”) dissociation, called Guillain-Barré (“ghee-YAN bah-RAY”) syndrome. These cells are produced throughout life in the dentate gyrus (“JI-rus”) and the subventricular zone. The disordered protein alpha-synuclein (AL-fuh sin-NEW-clee-in) can aggregate inside these cells. Oligodendrocytes (“AH-lee-go-DEN-droh-sites”) produce a fatty substance which (*) covers these cells. Glial (“GLEE-ull”) cells provide support for these cells. These cells release glutamate, GABA, and many other neurotransmitters at their synaptic terminals. For 10 points, name these cells containing dendrites and axons, which make up the nervous system.

neurons

Immune attack on these cells results in a disease in which an LP shows albuminocytologic (“AL-byoo-MIN-oh-SIGH-toe-logic”) dissociation, called Guillain-Barré (“ghee-YAN bah-RAY”) syndrome. These cells are produced throughout life in the dentate gyrus (“JI-rus”) and the subventricular zone. The disordered protein alpha-synuclein (AL-fuh sin-NEW-clee-in) can aggregate inside these cells. Oligodendrocytes (“AH-lee-go-DEN-droh-sites”) produce a fatty substance which (*) covers these cells. Glial (“GLEE-ull”) cells provide support for these cells. These cells release glutamate, GABA, and many other neurotransmitters at their synaptic terminals. For 10 points, name these cells containing dendrites and axons, which make up the nervous system.

neuron

Renshaw cells are examples of these biological objects that have an inhibitory purpose. Lesions to some of these cause Villaret's syndrome, which commonly accompanies the facial weakness of Horner's syndrome. Some of the largest ones of these are Purkinje [per-KIN-gee] cells in the (*) cerebellum. The great auricular one goes from the cervical plexus to the outer ear, and the sciatic one runs down the upper leg. For 10 points—give these cells with axons that transmit sensations throughout the body.

neurons

The Hodgkin-Huxley model used these cells from a giant squid to describe the communication of these cells, and their migration occurs along radial glia. The Nissl substance in these cells consists of rough ER, and depending on their location, these cells can be (*) insulated either by Schwann cells or oligodendrocytes. Saltatory conduction occurs along the nodes of Ranvier on these cells if they have a myelin sheath. Synapses separate them from other cells and they transmit action potentials. For 10 points, name these nerve cells that contain soma, dendrites, and an axon.

neurons

Some of these entities decussate at the bases of pyramidal cells. These cells can form tracts and are divided into commissural, association, and projection fibers. All mechanoreceptors are this type of cell. Some groups of these cells are called ganglia. Reflex arcs are made from two or more of these cells. Grey matter and white matter, which differ in myelin content, are tissues made of these cells. For 10 points, name these cells that comprise the brain and spinal cord and transmit electrical impulses through synapses.

neurons

A kind of this cell that only connects to two other cells is called “bipolar.” These cells are surrounded and supported by glial cells such as oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells. Parts of them contain Nodes of Ranvier, or gaps in the myelin sheath, which is damaged in (*) multiple sclerosis. These cells release vesicles containing chemicals like acetylcholine or serotonin into synapses. Axons extend from these cells towards dendrites. For 10 points, name these functional cells of the nervous system.

neurons

The material that covers part of these cells is mainly composed of the lipid galactocerebroside and they can be created in the subventricular and subgranular zones. Camillo Golgi distinguished Type I and Type II varieties of these cells. They can be classified as afferent or efferent and these cells form in a (*) loose network structure in Cnidarians. These cells use sodium-potassium pumps to generate action potentials and part of them is covered by a myelin sheath. For 10 points, name these cells that convey electrical impulses in the nervous system and are composed of a soma, dendrites, and axons.

neurons

The endoplasmic reticulum of these cells can be visualized by the blue Nissl stain, and Santiago y Cajal improved upon a black silver stain for these cells developed by Camillo Golgi. Saltatory conduction occurs because extracellular fluid is in contact with these cells only at the (*) nodes of Ranvier. Glial cells like oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells secrete a myelin sheath that surrounds these cells, which are separated from other cells by synapses and transmit action potentials. For 10 points, name these cells that feature dendrites and axons and comprise the nervous system.

neurons

One type of these cells interacts with the pontine nuclei using mossy fibers. Those cells, created in the subgranular zone, interact with a type of these cells which exhibit complex spikes or simple spikes, named for Purkinje. They are often found near oligodendrocytes or Schwann cells, examples of glial cells. These cells are often classified by the excitatory or inhibitory chemicals they release, including GABA and serotonin. They typically contain a soma, a myelin sheath which covers the axon, and multiple dendrites, which receive chemical and electrical signals through synapses. For 10 points, name these cells of the nervous system.

neurons

When immersed in potassium dichromate and silver nitrate, these cells turn black in Golgi staining. The synthesis of proteins in these cells takes place in Nissl (NISS-uhl) bodies. Coming in two varieties, these cells can come in pyramidal and multipolar varieties. Parts of these entities include the Nodes of Ranvier, the soma, and these also possess dendrites and axons. For 10 points, name these specialized cells that connect to each other to form networks in the body's central and peripheral nervous systems.

neurons

In adults, these cells are created in the subventricular zone, which is bounded by the ependyma. When Substance P is released by these cells in response to nociceptive stimuli, inflammation occurs. Schwann cells coat parts of these cells in an insulating sheath, the loss of which can lead to multiple sclerosis. They form a primitive “net” in cnidarians, but form a more complex system that includes somatic and autonomic branches in chordates. Astrocytes, a type of glial cell, help regulate the plasticity of the synapses between these cells. For 10 points, name these cells whose dendrites receive signals from axons.

neurons

Charcot–Marie–Tooth disease is caused by clumping of mitochondria in these structures, which synthesize catecholamines from phenylalanine and use g-proteins to induce metabotropic effects. One disease involving them is caused by damage to the substantia nigra, and another is caused by the formation of plaques around them. Schwann cells and nodes of Ranvier are parts of their soma, and glial cells make up the myelin sheath. These cells function by action potentials and employ neurotransmitters. Synapses are the gaps between, For 10 points, what cells that possess dendrites and axons and are an integral part of the nervous system?

neurons

Types of these cells include pyramid and basket cells. Myelin sheaths and nodes of Ranvier can be found on one part of these cells. A sodium-potassium pump sets up a chemical gradient important to the function of these cells. Glial cells support this type of cell by providing protection. These cells can transfer information to each other by sending molecules across a synapse to a dendrite of another cell. Electrical impulses along the axon of this type of cell are known as action potentials. For 10 points, name this type of cell, which are found in the nervous system.

neurons

These entities can be classified as having fast, tonic, or regular spiking, and can be found in every member of the group Eumetazoa. These entities contain tight junctions called hillocks, and nodes of Ranvier can be found on them. Glia cells such as Schwann cells and oligodendrocytes form a characteristic (*) sheath around parts of these entities, the deterioration of which can cause multiple sclerosis, and the body of these cells is called the soma. Synapses are the spaces between, for 10 points, what type of myelin-sheathed cell that has both dendrites and axons?

neurons

These entities are immersed in potassium dichromate and silver nitrate and turn black in Golgi staining. Functioning due to changes in action potential, parts of these bodies are surrounded by Schwann cells or glial cells and include the nodes of Ranvier, gaps in their surrounding myelin sheaths. Synaptic gaps border these objects’ axons. For 10 points, name these cells, containing many dendrites, which carry electrochemical messages through the nervous system.

food chain

Decline at the apex of these constructs can result in mesopredator release, and proposed models for the longest of these structures include phytoplankton. The ten percent rule explains why these pathways rarely have more than five (*) trophic levels. Primary producers form the base of these pathways, whose links are connected by decomposers. For 10 points, name these lists of organisms that show the transfer of matter and energy from plants to herbivores to carnivores.

joint

A gom-phosis is this type of structure between the teeth and mandible. Synovial fluid lubricates these structures, in which the collapse of nitrogen bubbles can cause a cracking sound. The phylum (*) arthropoda is named for having feet with these structures. Ligaments stabilize the “hinge” type of these structures, which can also have ball-and-socket types. For 10 points, name these connections between bones in the skeletal system, such as the shoulder and the knee.

Tyrannosaurus rex

The only confirmed footprint of this dinosaur is in New Mexico. One specimen of this dinosaur is nicknamed Sue. Some debate exists over whether this theropod was a scavenger or a fierce predator. For 10 points, name this large, powerfully-jawed carnivorous dinosaur with tiny arms.

viruses

Some of these things produce pore-forming enzymes called holins [HOLE-inz], which allow lysins [LYE-sinz] to digest the cell wall. One of these things uses its knob-shaped peplomers [PEP-loh-mers] to bind to ACE2 [ace-two]. Another of these things can bind to CCR5 using gp41 [G-P-forty-one], and is targeted by a thymidine [THYE-mih-deen] derivative that inhibits (*) reverse transcriptase. “T4” belongs to a group of these things that undergoes lytic [LIH-tick] cycles. One of these things produces spike proteins, the subject of a new mRNA-based technology. For 10 points, name these non-living pathogens that cause diseases like COVID.

viruses

George Smith invented a technique that uses a type of this microorganism to study biological molecular interactions, and a classification system named for David Baltimore organizes them into seven unique groups. One type of these pathogens was used to confirm that DNA is genetic material in the (*) Hershey-Chase experiment. Bacteriophages are one type of this organism, which cannot replicate without a host cell and typically contains a protein shell called a capsid. For 10 points, name this type of pathogen, one of which is responsible for the COVID-19 pandemic

virus

The first one of these things to be discovered causes discoloration in leaves and was thus called “tobacco mosaic.” These things can reproduce using the lysogenic or lytic cycles, and ones with the prefix retro- insert a portion of their genome into the host cell’s. These things can only (*) replicate in the living cells of a separate organism. For 10 points, name this class of infectious agents that includes HIV and a “corona” subtype.

viruses

Fred Cohen created a "positive" one of these things to compress data. These things can self-modify or use polymorphisms to conceal their signatures. This class of programs are most often injected into other files. Famous programs in this class were named Creeper, Melissa, and ILOVEYOU. They are triggered under such conditions as a certain date or opening a certain file by a (*) logic bomb, releasing their payload. Many of these programs use email services to reach new computers, and are often categorized alongside rootkits, keyloggers, trojans, and worms. For 10 points, name this class of malware programs which behave analogously to biological pathogens.

viruses

A capsid is a shell that protects these things. Bacteria can be affected by ones called phages. When these things enter the body, they can trigger an immune response. One of these causes Ebola. For 10 points, name these infectious agents, another of which can cause the flu.

viruses

The T2 type of these were labeled with radioactive sulfur and phosphorus in the Hershey-Chase experiment. Latency results when these entities enter a lysogenic cycle. The first discovered one of these causes tobacco mosaic disease, and AZT is a treatment for a widespread retro- one. A protein capsid surrounds these entities, which are unable to reproduce outside a host cell. For 10 points, name these non-living pathogens, such as influenza and HIV.

viruses

These organisms can be classified through the Baltimore classification. One type of these organisms are the main force behind transduction, and examples of those include T4 and lambda. These organisms undergo either a lysogenic or a lytic life cycle. Those that infect bacteria are known as bacteriophages, and these pathogens are comprised of a capsid that surrounds either DNA or RNA. For 10 points, name this type of pathogen that can only reproduce in living cells, examples of which include herpes and HIV.

Tyrannosaurus rex

The only confirmed footprint of this dinosaur is in New Mexico. One specimen of this dinosaur is nicknamed Sue. Some debate exists over whether this theropod was a scavenger or a fierce predator. For 10 points, name this large, powerfully-jawed carnivorous dinosaur with tiny arms.

Tyrannosaurus rex

One of the most complete petrified dinosaur skeletons ever found is the Chicago Field Museum’s Sue, a member of this carnivorous species. This small-armed predator dominated North America at the end of the Cretaceous Period.

heart

Ten electrodes used to track the activity of this organ create a graph that spikes at the QRS complex. Several tiny pads are attached to the body to measure the function of this organ during a stress test. Electric signals from this organ are recorded by an (*) EKG. Blockage of the coronary arteries in this organ’s two atria causes a myocardial infarction. Chest compressions in CPR can help increase the survival rate of “attacks” in this organ. For 10 points, name this organ that pumps blood throughout the body.

heart

During this organ's development, the foramen ovale (for-AIM-en oh-VAL-ee) may fail to close, which could lead to an increase in the chance of stroke. Chordae tendinae (KOR-ai TEN-din-ai) connect the papillary muscles of this organ to both the mitral valve and the tricuspid valve. The (*) SA and AV nodes generate electrical impulses that regulate this organ, whose muscle is damaged in a myocardial infarction. The absence of P waves in an EKG can be a signal of ventricular tachycardia (TAK-ik-ARD-ee-uh) in this organ. For 10 points, name this four-chambered organ that pumps blood through the body.

heart

The action of this organ is portrayed by the Wiggers diagram, and its homeostasis is regulated by the baroreflex and the Frank-Starling Law. It’s not the kidney, but ACE inhibitors can treat acute failure of this organ, which secretes the natriuretic peptides ANP and BNP. Impulses to this organ’s apex are transmitted through bundle branches and Purkinje fibers from the (*) SA node. Blood leaving this organ’s right ventricle is transported through the pulmonary artery to the lungs. The activity of this organ is visualized on an EKG. For 10 points, name this organ that pumps blood to the rest of the body.

heart

Q, R, and S waves are produced by this organ in a complex that measures ventricular depolarization. Purkinje fibers and the SA node help with electrical conduction in this organ. Myocarditis is the inflammation of a layer of this organ. It's not the stomach, but this organ can be the subject of (*)"bypass surgery". An EKG may be used to show the activity of, for 10 points, what organ which pumps blood through the body?

heart

The diastole (di-AA-stoh-lee) and systole (SIS-toh-lee) of this organ produce the QRS complex on EKG readings. Purkinje (purr-KIN-jee) fibers in this organ transfer electrical signals around this organ. The tricuspid and mitral (*) valves in this organ control flow between the upper and lower parts of this organ, which are four chambers called atria and ventricles. Veins carry blood to, for 10 points, what organ of the circulatory system that pumps blood to the rest of the body?

heart

Purkinje (pur-KIN-jee) fibers transmit electrical signals through this organ. This organ contains a biscuspid valve and a tricuspid valve, and it can be regulated by artificial (*) pacemakers. The aorta carries blood out of this organ, which is comprised of two atria and two ventricles. For 10 points, name this primary circulatory organ that pumps blood throughout the human body.

heart

One function of this organ is characterized by P and T waves and peaks at the QRS complex. Wolf-Parkinson-White disease affects this organ, and Marfan syndrome is one congenital defect affecting this organ. This organ contains the Bundle of His, and normal function of this organ is maintained by (*)Purkinje fibers. The function of the SA node in this organ is measured with an EKG, and this organ contains the mitral and tricuspid valves. The vena cava flows into this organ which is made up of atria and ventricles. For 10 points, name this organ that “beats” to pump blood.

heart

Symptoms of Keshan disease include weakness of muscle in this organ, making it abnormally large. Damage to this organ can be specifically detected by rising levels of troponin I and troponin T. This organ's foramen ovale closes immediately after birth, as it is among two fetal shunts that bypass the (*) lungs to bring blood here. In this organ, branches of the bundle of His transfer action potentials to control the rate of contraction. This organ's muscle is damaged when blood flow is blocked in a myocardial infarction. For 10 points, name this organ, whose left ventricle pumps oxygenated blood to the rest of the body.

heart

It’s not the Aorta, but Tetralogy of Fallot is a combination of four congenital defects in this organ. This structure in fetuses contains the foramen ovale, and trabeculae carneae are muscular projections in this organ. Bachmann’s bundle and Purkinje fibers help this organ become (*) depolarized, and this structure’s bicuspid valve has two cusps while its semilunar valve has three. The venae cavae run through this organ, where arrhythmias occur, and it is divided into atria and ventricles. EKG’s monitor the electrical activity of, for ten points, what cardiovascular organ that pumps blood throughout the body?

heart

This organ is affected by Wolff­Parkinson­White syndrome, one of the pre­excitation syndromes. P­waves and the QRS complex correspond to depolarization of parts of this organ, whose Bundle of His sends signals to Purkinje fibers via gap junctions between cells. Papillary muscles pull chordae tendineae during (*) systole to open tricuspid and mitral valves in this organ. The pulmonary arteries carry blood from this organ to the lungs to be oxygenated. For 10 points, name this muscular organ that pumps blood throughout the human body.

heart

In this organ, proper contraction of papillary muscles prevents click-murmur syndrome. This organ, whose Purkinje [per-KIN-jee] fibers may be damaged by infarction, contains the Bundle of His. It can be examined through (*) EKG, and its myocardium is fed oxygen by coronary arteries. Ventricles and atria make up its four chambers. For 10 points, name this origin of the aorta, the organ which pumps blood through the body.

heart muscle

Structures that connect cells into a syncytium in this tissue include the fascia adherens, macula adherens, and gap junctions; those structures are known as intercalated discs. Action potential in this tissue is activated by sodium but then prolonged by (*)calcium influx into an extended plateau phase. Special types of this tissue make up the SA node, and its activity is recorded in an EKG. This tissue is more resistant to fatigue than smooth or skeletal types. For 10 points, name this muscle tissue found in the heart.

heart

This structure’s normal function is affected by Brugada syndrome, and its performance is measured by the stroke volume. It’s not a digestive organ, but regurgitation can occur when this organ is defective. Bundle branches and Purkinje fibers relay signals that the (*) SA and AV nodes produce to regulate the activity of this organ, which contains two semilunar valves and is surrounded by the pericardium. Coronary arteries supply oxygen to this organ, which is connected to the vena cava and the aorta and contains sections like the left atrium and right ventricle. For 10 points, name this four-chambered organ that circulates blood through the body.

heart

The bundle of His connects to this organ’s Purkinje fibers, which cause contractions called systoles. Robert Jarvik developed the first artificial version of it. This organ, composed of muscle called (*) myocardium, contains a tricuspid valve that maintains one-way flow to its right ventricle. Pacemakers may be implanted in this organ to ensure its regular beating. The aorta is a large artery emanating from, for 10 points, what organ that pumps blood?

heart

Rheumatic fever can damage the mitral region of this organ, which uses Purkinje fibers to coordinate activity with the SA node. A murmur results from valves leaking in this organ that is served by the (*)coronary arteries and surrounded by the pericardium. This organ directly connects to the aorta and has two atria and two ventricles. For 10 points, name this organ of the circulatory system that pumps blood through the body.

heart

In Fiammetta’s story from the Decameron, Ghismonda drinks poison after repeatedly kissing one of these items that was originally in the cup. In a certain short story, one of these objects makes a sound like a “watch enveloped in cotton.” A polar equation of the form r equals a times the quantity one minus cosine of theta will yield a limacon resembling these items. People in the Hall of Ma’at could enter the afterlife if this object was lighter than a feather. Christiaan Barnard was the first to successfully transplant this organ, which contains the vena cava and tricuspid valve. For 10 points, name this organ responsible for the pumping of blood.

heart

Part of this organ is provided blood by the circumflex artery, and developmental structures located within it include the crista terminalis and fossa ovalis. The papillary muscles in this organ can tighten the chordae tendineae. Purkinje fibers, the bundle of His, the AV node, and the SA node comprise its conduction pathway, and it is divided into upper and lower compartments called atria and ventricles. For 10 points, name this muscular organ which pumps blood throughout the body.

heart

The ANP hormone produced in this organ inhibits the production of sodium, while the Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome is a malfunction of this organ. Impulses from the Bundle of His are carried by Purkinje fibers in this organ, and the aorta originates here. The mitral valve separates the left atrium and ventricle of, for 10 points, which organ made of cardiac muscle that pumps blood through the body?

heart

A risk factor for SIDS is long QT syndrome, which is a conduction defect in this organ. The SA node is this organ’s pacemaker, and its AV node synchronizes the beating of its atria and ventricles.

heart

Name this major organ of the circulatory system that pumps blood through four chambers called atria and ventricles.

heart

EKGs detect electrical activity in this organ, which contains four chambers and pumps blood through the body.

heart

Another type of muscle is the “cardiac” type, which is found in this internal organ.

heart attack

If blood flow to the heart decreases, one of these may occur. These may be caused by blockages in the arteries, and symptoms of these include left arm pain and chest pains.

Alpha Centauri

In 2016, astronomers discovered an Earth-sized planet in the habitable zone of a dwarf star in this system. Name this three-star system, which is composed of a binary orbited by a red dwarf called “Proxima.” It appears in the front leg of its namesake constellation and is the closest star system to the Sun.

Alpha Centauri

This system with three stars is the closest at 1.3 parsecs away. Its name incorporates, but is not the same as, mythical creatures with human torsos and horse legs.

Alpha Centauri

This binary star system with a combined apparent magnitude of -0.27 is the third brightest in the night sky; it is the third closest star to the Earth, behind the sun and a similarly named Proxima.

Alpha Centauri

This binary star system, which lies 1.34 parsecs away from our sun, is brightest star in the southern constellation of Centaurus.

Alpha Centauri

The closest binary star system to Earth is this one, whose slightly larger A star is the closest star to the Sun that is of similar mass, color, and luminosity.

eclipse

The appearance of a type of these events can be measured with the Danjon scale, and their gamma describes how centrally they occur. The inex and saros cycles are used to predict these events every 29 and 18 years, respectively. In some of these events, Baily’s beads may be seen along with shadow bands caused by (*) atmospheric turbulence. Due to axial parallelism, these events can only occur in pairs approximately six months apart. The “annular” form of these events can be observed in the antumbra of the Moon. For 10 points, name these events where either the Earth or the Moon casts a shadow on the other by blocking sunlight.

solar eclipse

The Allais effect occurs when pendulums undergo anomalous precession during these events, which are mapped by Besselian elements. One of these events in 1919 allowed Arthur Eddington to measure the deflection of light rays due to gravitational lensing, thus confirming general relativity. Bailey’s beads are exposed during this phenomenon and are best observed along the edge of the (*) umbra. Shadow bands are seen before and after these events, which expose the corona, but can only occur during a new moon. For 10 points, identify this phenomenon in which the moon blocks out the Sun.

solar eclipse

During one of these events, what is observed is based on the viewer’s location relative to the path of totality. Viewers of them might see the annulus or corona, if they are standing in the antiumbra. Viewers standing in the penumbra will see a partial form, while during a total one, the corona may be seen. For 10 points, name this event in which the moon appears to block out the sun.

solar eclipse

A green emission line caused by iron and observed during one of these events led to the proposed element “coronium.” Arthur Eddington used one of these events to confirm Einstein’s theory of general relativity. The Saros cycle is used to predict one of these events every (*) 18 years. Baily’s beads, caused by the sunlight still being able to reach the Earth through lu nar valleys, are a phenomenon during this event. One can see the sun’s corona in, for 10 points, what events where the moon passes directly between the Sun and Earth?

eclipse

Name this type of event in which one astronomical object blocks the view of another or passes into a shadow.

solar eclipse

This other phenomenon can make parts of the sun appear dark. In these events, a syzygy, or the lining-up of three astronomical objects, causes the moon to block out the Earth’s view of the sun.

solar eclipse

Name this type of astronomical event in which the moon comes between the Earth and the center of our planetary system.

solar eclipse

During one of these events, the pinholes created from the gaps between tree leaves will create tons of small visible crescents on the ground thanks to the decreased amount of light.

solar eclipse

Name this event that occurs when the Moon passes between the Sun and Earth. A “total” one of these events occurred on August 21, 2017.

solar eclipse

One of these events in August 2017 was visible across the entire contiguous United States. Name these events, which can occur in total, annular, or partial forms.

solar eclipse

Helium was first discovered during one of these events by Jules Janssen, after he noticed a bright yellow spectral line coming from a certain entity. Namesake "beads" were observed by Francis Baily during these events.

eclipse

A lunar one of these events can only occur during a full moon. Name this event that blocks light from reaching an astronomical object such as a moon or planet.

eclipse

These events may occur when the object falls into shadow or simply when another object passes between the viewing area and the object. Name this event, in which an astronomical body is obscured from view. On Earth, the lunar and solar types of these events create remarkable visual displays.

solar or lunar eclipses

The largest gear in the Antikythera mechanism had 223 teeth, indicating its association with the Saros cycle, which predicts the recurrence of these phenomena every 223 months.

Uranus and Neptune

In 2017 a laser was used to mimic the compression of methane into diamond on these two bodies. Alexis Bouvard [boo-var] discovered that one of these two bodies had orbital perturbations caused by the other, whose position was then calculated by Urbain Le Verrier [ur-bain luh vair-yay]. Absorption of long-wavelength light by methane gas in these two bodies’ (*) atmospheres gives them their distinct color. These two planets were visited by Voyager 2, but not Voyager 1. The largest moons of these two planets are Titania and Triton. These are the seventh and eighth-farthest planets from the Sun. For 10 points, name these two “ice giants.”

Neptune

This astronomical body is orbited by the second most trojans in the solar system, and by the largest-known non-spherical satellite, Proteus. This planet’s surface has the solar system’s fastest winds, which create the (*) “Scooter” cloud formation as well as a now-dissipated storm nicknamed the “Great Dark Spot.”Fourteen moons, including Triton, orbit, for 10 points, what vivid blue eighth planet from the Sun?

Neptune

This planet was the only one whose existence was predicted mathematically before it was actually observed. This planet was the last one visited by Voyager 2, which confirmed the existence of its faint ring system. This planet has the highest (*) wind speeds in the solar system, driven by weather which also created its Great Dark Spot. For 10 points, name this "ice giant" beyond Uranus, the furthest planet from the sun.

Neptune

One of this planet’s moons has a landscape of uniform circular depressions that likely formed through diapirism (“dye-AP-eer-izm”). A type of exoplanet called a “mini-[this planet]” occupies the upper mass range of a “super-Earth.” Solar system bodies called “trans-[this planet]” objects orbit between 30 and 50 AU (“A-U”) from the Sun. Urbain Le Verrier (“ur-bahn luh vayr-yay”) calculated the (*) position of this planet from perturbations in another planet’s orbit. Voyager 2 discovered a large anticyclone on this planet called the Great Dark Spot. This planet’s largest moon is Triton. For 10 points, name this eighth and farthest planet from the Sun.

Neptune

This astronomical object does not satisfy the predictions of the Titius–Bode law, and this entity’s satellites include Despina and Larissa. One ring of this body includes five distinct arcs, four of which are named for the motto of France, while its other rings include the (*) Arago and Lassell. Objects in 1:2 resonance with this body have an orbital period of about 330 years and are classified as “twotinos,” while objects with 1:1 resonance are its namesake “trojans.” Storms on this planet include the Scooter and the Great Dark Spot. For 10 points, name this planet orbited by Triton, the eighth from the Sun.

Neptune

George Airy was harshly criticized for his perceived lack of effort in searching for this object. Astronomical bodies that have a 1:2 [“one to two”] orbital resonance with this object are called “twotinos.” A satellite of this object is known for its “cantaloupe terrain.” Fraternité, Égalité, and Liberté form a part of this body’s Adams (*) ring system. Johann Gottfried Galle first observed this planet in 1846 after it was mathematically predicted by Urbain Le Verrier. This planet once featured a storm system known as the Great Dark Spot. For 10 points, name this eighth and farthest known planet in the Solar System.

Neptune

One of this object’s rings contains arcs with names such as Liberty, Equality, and Courage. That ring, the Adams ring, is influenced by the gravity of a moon of this planet, Galatea. The existence of this planet was predicted mathematically before its discovery at a Berlin Observatory in September of 1846. The largest of this body’s fourteen natural satellites is (*) Triton, which was believed to have been pulled away from the Kuiper Belt by this object due to its retrograde orbit. This planet contains a massive storm known as The Great Dark Spot. For ten points, name this object which is the closest planet to Pluto and the furthest from the Sun.

Neptune

This planet’s largest moon, Triton, may be a captured planetoid from the Kuiper Belt. Winds on this planet reach up to 1300 mph, according to observations from Voyager 2. An enormous storm on this planet’s surface is called the Great Dark Spot. For 10 points, name this eighth planet of our Solar System.

Neptune

A triangular patch of clouds that circulates this planet quickly is known as The Scooter. Its atmosphere contains the fastest winds in the solar system. Its existence was predicted by Alexis Bouvard, and it was discovered by Johann Galle. It often contains the Great Dark Spot. Its largest moon, which has a retrograde orbit, is Triton. For 10 points, name this gas giant, the farthest from the Sun in the solar system.

Neptune

This planet is orbited by the only notable moon with a retrograde orbit. Urbain Le Verrier used Newton’s laws to correctly predict the position of this planet. It is home to storms such as the Scooter and the (*) Great Dark Spot. Voyager 2 discovered its moon Proteus and photographed its largest moon Triton. Name this eighth planet from the sun, slightly bigger than its neighbor Uranus and named for a Roman god of the sea.

Neptune

This is the planet other than Earth where atmospheric storms have had an observed ending. One of its moons has the most eccentric orbit of any non-comet satellite in the Solar System, while another has the coldest measured temperature in the Solar System, and are named Nereid and Triton. For 10 points, name this planet which has had various Great Dark Spots, was discovered by John Couch Adams and others by finding the perturbations in Uranus’s orbit, and is the eighth and most remote planet in the solar system.

Neptune

This planet was discovered because a nearby planet was experiencing an odd gravitational effect. Voyager II was sent to observe it, and the Adams ring is the largest ring around it. The largest moon that spins retrograde orbits this planet on which a massive storm, the Great Dark Spot is found. The methane atmosphere gives a blue hue to, for 10 points, what planet, orbited by Nereid and Triton, the furthest planet from the sun?

Neptune

This planet was discovered because a nearby planet was experiencing an odd gravitational effect. Voyager II was sent to observe it, and the Adams ring is the largest ring around it. The largest moon that spins retrograde orbits this planet on which a massive storm, the Great Dark Spot is found. The methane atmosphere gives a blue hue to, for 10 points, what planet, orbited by Nereid and Triton, the furthest planet from the sun?

Neptune

This planet was mathematically predicted to exist by Verrier, and was directly observed by Galle. Name this 8th planet, the farthest from the Sun, slightly more massive than its "twin", Uranus.

Neptune

This planet is the densest of our solar system's gas giants. Name this eighth planet from the sun, known for its deep blue color.

Neptune

The existence of this planet was predicted based on the orbit of Uranus. Name this planet now considered the farthest planet from the sun in our solar system.

Neptune

This planet’s moon Triton has a retrograde orbit. Name this farthest planet from the sun, home to the Great Dark Spot.

Neptune

Triton is the largest moon of this outermost gas giant.

Pluto

This body’s Sputnik Planitia and a possible impact crater on one of this body’s five satellites, Nix, were observed by the New Horizons probe during a 2015 flyby. Eris has more mass but less volume than this (*)Kuiper [KYE-per] Belt object, whose orbit occasionally brings it closer to the Sun than Neptune. Styx, Kerberos, and Charon orbit, for 10 points, what dwarf planet that, until 2006, was considered the ninth planet from the Sun?