Micro Exam 2 (chapter 10&11)

bacterial cells

Beta- lactams can effect what cells

clear area around an antibiotic disk on an agar plate where bacteria cannot grow

what is represented by the zone of inhibition

refers to the ability of a chemical agent or drug to Exert a toxic effect on a pathogen while leaving the infected host organism unharmed.

describe selective toxicity

narrow spectrum work against a small number of species

differentiate between broad and narrow spectrum antibiotic

sulfonamides

what type of antibiotic that mimics PABA and inhibits folic acid synthesis

by inhibiting the action of enzymes

how do fluoroquinolones work?

viruses have different structures and replicate in a different way than bacteria

why don’t antibiotics work on viruses

varies

what is the therapeutic range of antibiotics

antibiotic- resistant infections; hospital- acquired infection; UTI’s; sepsis'; helminth and protozoan diseases

what areas are difficult to treat with antibiotics

encoding resistance genes

how do R plasmids lead to resistance

cocci (spherical) Bacilli (Rod- shaped) Spirilla (spiral) Spirochetes (flexible spiral) Vibrios (comma- shaped)

shape definition of bacteria

heat resistance, chemical resistance, physical barrier, and dormant state

why are endospores so difficult to remove

extremophiles that thrive in high salt concentrations

what are halophiles

they lack a cell wall

why are mycoplasmas pleiomorphic

Actinobacteria

what bacterial group is named because it resembles fungi

gram negitive bacteria

what group contains the most common sexually transmitted bacteria

PVC superphylum

what bacterial group contains structures called prostheses

Lactobacillus plantarum

Lactobacillus casei

Streptococcus lactis

Rhodopseudomonas palustrus

Rhodobacter spaeroides

what bacterial genera is good for sewage treatment

Breaking down complex carbohydrates and polysaccharides, which are abundant in dietary fibers

how do bacteroide’s aid digestion

Streptococcus

what genus is known to cause flesh eating diseases

right before they divide

In cell division, when does DNA replicate

1. Prophase. Prophase is the first step of mitosis. …

2. Metaphase. Metaphase is the phase of mitosis …

3. Anaphase. The third phase of mitosis, following …

4. Telophase. Telophase is the last phase of mitosis. …

what happens in each phase of mitosis

Meiosis

Diploid cells produce haploid cells in what process

single-celled organisms

describe foraminifera

sexual reproductive spores produced by fungi

what are basidiospores

brown

kelp seaweed belongs to which algal group

the mutually beneficial symbiotic relationship of green algae and/or blue-green algae (cyanobacteria) living among filaments of a fungus,

describe the symbiosis of lichens

Meiosis

are tetrads formed during mitosis or meiosis

Asexual reproduction

what is schizogony

Red algae (Rhodophyta)

which Alge group is a source of thickening agents

the interactions between viral proteins and host cell receptors

what determines host specificity in a virus

forming a protective protein coat around the viral nucleic acid.

how does the capsid provide the shape of a virion

segmented, negative-strand RNA genomes requiring an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase of viral origin for replication

describe the genome of the influenza virus

complementary receptors on the virus and the cell surface bring the viral and cell membranes into close proximity

how does the herpesvirus enter the cell

Measures infectious virus particles

what are plaque assays