Physiology III Final Exam - Kahoot & Practice Exam Ultimate Review

All the following are passed through the glomerular filtration membrane except:

A. Fatty acids

B. Creatine

C. Blood cells

D. Uric acid

C. blood cells

How does parathyroid hormone correct for hypocalcemia?

A. Inhibits phosphate reabsorption in PCT

B. Promote phosphate reabsorption in PCT

C. Promote calcium reabsorption in DCT

D. Inhibits calcium reabsorption in DCT

E. A & C

F. B & D

E. A & C

Principal cells of the collecting duct have receptors for:

A. ADH

B. ANP

C. Aldosterone

D. GSH

A. ADH

If blood hydrostatic pressure increases, afferent arterioles _________ so GFR ________.

A. vasoconstrict, decrease

B. vasoconstrict, maintained

C. vasodilate, decrease

D. vasodilate, maintained

B. vasoconstrict, maintained

Using the following information:

Normal pH = 7.35-7.45; Acidosis < 7.35; Alkalosis >7.45

Normal PCO2 (respiratory) = 35-45; Acidosis >45; Alkalosis <35

Normal HCO3 (metabolic) = 22-26; Acidosis <22; Alkalosis >26

If pH=7.7, PCO2 = 22, & HCO3 = 25, this is indicative of:

A. Respiratory acidosis

B. Metabolic acidosis

C. Respiratory alkalosis

D. Metabolic alkalosis

C. Respiratory Alkalosis

Metabolic acidosis can occur due to what two things?

1) Loss of base from chronic diarrhea & laxative overuse

2) ingestion of acidic drugs (aspirin)

Metabolic alkalosis can occur due to what two things?

1) Loss of stomach acid from chronic vomiting

2) Overuse of bicarbonates (antacids)

If alveolar ventilation doesn't keep up with the body's rate of CO2 production (CO2 accumulates in ECF) what occurs?

A. respiratory acidosis

B. metabolic acidosis

C. respiratory alkalosis

D. metabolic alkalosis

A. respiratory acidosis

What is the important equation relating CO2 & H+?

CO2 + H2O --> H2CO3 --> H+ + HCO3-

Using the following information:

Normal pH = 7.35-7.45; Acidosis < 7.35; Alkalosis >7.45

Normal PCO2 (respiratory) = 35-45; Acidosis >45; Alkalosis <35

Normal HCO3 (metabolic) = 22-26; Acidosis <22; Alkalosis >26

If pH=7.43, PCO2 = 53, & HCO3 = 33, this is indicative of:

A. Compensated metabolic acidosis

B. Compensated metabolic alkalosis

B. Compensated metabolic alkalosis

T/F: 65% of sodium is reabsorbed in the PCT

TRUE

When you go to micturate, your detrusor muscle _______ and your external sphincter will _________.

Contracts

Relaxes

What is the function of ADH?

A. increase blood pressure by decreasing blood osmolarity

B. makes collecting duct less permeable to water

C. causes dehydration and loss of blood volume

D. increase blood volume by reabsorbing water

D. increase blood volume by reabsorbing water

Regarding the myogenic mechanism, what effect will an increase blood pressure have?

A. Afferent arterioles will stretch and constrict

B. Afferent arterioles will prevent blood flow into the glomerulus from changing

C. Afferent arterioles will dilate and allow blood to flow

D. A & B

E. B & C

D. A & B

An increase in GFR would _______ tubular NaCl concentration, which would be sensed by the _________.

Increase

Macula densa

An increase in GFR would cause the juxtaglomerular cells to ________ the afferent arterioles and blood flow would be _______.

A. dilate, decreased

B. constrict, decreased

C. dilate, increased

D. constrict, increased

B. constrict, decrease

When the afferent arterioles constrict, GFR will __________.

Decrease

The vasa recta supply the:

A. efferent arterioles

B. afferent arterioles

C. nephron loop

D. renal cortex

C. nephron loop

Where are the sodium-glucose transporters located?

A. PCT

B. Descending limb of the loop of henle

C. DCT

D. Bowman's capsule

E. Ascending limb of loop of henle

A. PCT

Which of the following statements about angiotensin 2 is correct?

A. potent vasoconstrictor that raises BP throughout body

B. constricts efferent arterioles and raises GFR

C. lowers BP in peritubular capillaries

D. All the above

D. All the above

NOTE: Exam will ask which statement about ATII is false, so know these statements well and that they are ALL true

Pick the correct urinalysis match:

A. Nitrites indicate UTI

B. People w/ controlled diabetes normally have ketones

C. Gallstones cause hematuria

D. Alkaline urine indicates urinary stones

A. Nitrites indicate UTI

Damage to the glomerulus may cause ________ in the urine.

A. Bilirubin

B. Creatinine

C. Urea

D. Blood cells

E. Uric acid

F. Creatine

D. Blood cells

_____________ nephrons are essential for concentration of urine.

Juxtamedullary nephrons

What hormone corrects hypocalcemia?

A. ADH

B. ANP

C. PTH

D. Angiotensin II

C. PTH

In order to correct hypocalcemia, PTH will ______________ reabsorption in the PCT and ______________ reabsorption in the DCT.

Inhibit phosphate

Promote Ca

T/F: ANP increases sodium reabsorption and ultimately, decreases fluid loss

FALSE

Caffeine __________ GFR by _________ afferent arterioles.

A. increases, dilating

B. decreases, dilating

C. increases, constricting

D. decreases, constricting

A. increases, dilating

NOTE: alcohol reduces tubular reabsorption, inhibiting ADH secretion

The kidneys compensate for acidosis by:

A. decreasing the rate of H+ secretion

B. increasing the rate of H+ secretion

B. increasing the rate of H+ secretion

For the renal correction of acidosis, we want to increase the rate of H+ secretion because we want to increase the ratio of ____________ to hydrogen?

Bicarbonate

Aldosterone secretion promotes ________ in the DCT and CD?

A. NaCl and H2O reabsorption

B. Na+ reabsorption only

C. Na+ and H2O reabsorption

D. NaCl reabsorption only

C. Na+ and H2O reabsorption

Regarding aldosterone secretion, urine volume will be ____________, blood plasma will be _______________, and urine may have ____________ K+.

Reduced

Increased

Elevated

Metabolic alkalosis may result from:

A. increased production of organic acids

B. Chronic vomiting

C. Ingestion of aspirin

D. Diarrhea

B. Chronic vomiting

What is the correct flow of fluid (urine)?

A. glomerular capsule --> PCT --> CD --> nephron loop

B. Nephron loops --> DCT --> CD --> papillary duct

C. Papillary duct --> DCT --> minor calyx --> major calyx

D. PCT --> CD --> DCT --> papillary duct

B. Nephron loops --> DCT --> CD --> papillary duct

Using the following information:

Normal pH = 7.35-7.45; Acidosis < 7.35; Alkalosis >7.45

Normal PCO2 (respiratory) = 35-45; Acidosis >45; Alkalosis <35

Normal HCO3 (metabolic) = 22-26; Acidosis <22; Alkalosis >26

If pH=7.9, PCO2 = 20, & HCO3 = 25, the patient is currently experiencing:

A. Respiratory acidosis

B. Metabolic alkalosis

C. Respiratory alkalosis

D. Metabolic acidosis

C. Respiratory alkalosis

A common result of hyperventilation is:

A. Metabolic acidosis

B. Respiratory acidosis

C. Metabolic alkalosis

D. Respiratory alkalosis

D. Respiratory alkalosis

________ is mainly in the ICF, while _______ is mostly in the ECF?

K+

Na+

Regarding the countercurrent multiplier: water reabsorption occurs by the:

A. ascending limb

B. descending limb

C. the thick limb

D. glomerulus

B. descending limb

The thick limb is another name for the ______ limb, while the thin limb is another name for the ________ limb.

Thick = ascending

Thin = descending

The efferent arterioles branch into the:

A. vasa recta

B. cortical radiate arteries

C. afferent arterioles

D. nephron loop

A. vasa recta

The primary function of the renal tubule is to:

A. filter blood plasma

B. control movement of filtrate

C. convert plasma into filtrate

D. convert filtrate into urine

D. convert filtrate into urine

All the following statements about fluid flowing downward in the descending limb are correct except:

A. It is very permeable to water but not NaCl

B. it maintains high osmolarity of the renal medulla

C. Water passes from the tubule into the ECF and leaves salt behind

D. It concentrates tubular fluid

B. It maintains high osmolarity of the renal medulla

Which solutes create the osmotic gradient of the medulla, necessary to concentrate urine?

A. Mg, Na+, creatine

B. Phosphate, glucose, albumin

C. Na+, Cl-, K+, urea

D. K+, Mg, Na+, Cl-

C. Na+, Cl-, K+, urea

What may be a consequence if GFR is too low?

A. Urine output rises

B. Electrolyte depletion

C. Dehydration

D. Azotemia

D. Azotemia

A decrease in GFR can be caused by a ____________ in plasma protein concentration

Increase in plasma protein concentration

Renal correction of acidosis involves __________ the ratio of HCO3- to H+ in the renal tubules?

INCREASING

The primary function of the countercurrent multiplier of the nephron loop in the medulla of the kidney is to:

A. Create an osmotic gradient for concentratin gurine

B. Create a filtration barrier

C. Recycle urea

D. Dilute tubular fluid

A. Create an osmotic gradient for concentrating urine

What is the function of the countercurrent exchanger?

MAINTAIN osmotic gradient

In the __________ nephron, efferent arterioles branch into peritubular capillaries around PCT and DCT?

Cortical nephrons

T/F: Angiotensin-converting enzyme antagonist is used to decrease blood volume

TRUE

Regarding diabetes: hyperglycemia in the renal tubule leads to

A. glycosuria

B. oliguria

C. osmotic dieresis

D. azotemia

E. A & C

F. B & D

E. A & C

What is the most important function of the nephron?

A. reabsorb Na+

B. Produce HCO3-

C. Secrete K+

D. Secrete Cl-

A. reabsorb Na+

The internal urethral sphincter is under _______ control, and the external urethral sphincter is under ________ control

Involuntary

Voluntary

Where does tubular filtrate have the greatest osmolarity?

Tip of loop of henle

What is the buffer produced by the tubular cells and reabsorbed into the blood?

Phosphate system (dibasic sodium phosphate contained in glomerular filtrate)

NOTE: ammonia is also a tubular buffer form amino acid catabolism that acts as a base

What is the result of sympathetic control on GFR and urine output?

Sympathetic nervous system and adrenal epinephrine CONSTRICT afferent arterioles

-- REDUCES GFR & urine output

Which of the following is not an effect/action of Atrial natriuretic peptide (hormone)?

A. Promotes vasoconstriction

B. Inhibits water reabsorption

C. Inhibits secretion of renin and ADH

D. Promotes the elimination of more Na+ and water

A. Promotes vasoconstriction

Which statement is FALSE:

A. Hypocalcemia causes muscle tetany.

B. Severe diarrhea can lead to metabolic acidosis.

C. Respiratory acidosis is a result of hypoventilation.

D. The most abundant cation in intracellular fluid is sodium.

D. The most abundant cation in intracellular fluid is sodium.

Which statement is TRUE?

A. The body's water volume is closely tied to the level of potassium ions.

B. ADH is important in the regulation of sodium ion concentrations in the extracellular fluid.

C. Respiratory acidosis results from hyperventilation.

D. Caffeine increases GFR by dilating the afferent arteriole

D. Caffeine increases GFR by dilating the afferent arteriole

Which statement is TRUE?

A. The collecting duct is impermeable to water in the presence of ADH.

B. The urethra transport urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder.

C. If the GFR is slow, tubular fluid may pass too quickly through the renal tubules resulting in decreased reabsorption and solutes/fluid is lost in the urine.

D. PTH acts on the PCT and DCT of the nephron to increase blood calcium levels back to normal.

D. PTH acts on the PCT and DCT of the nephron to increase blood calcium levels back to normal.

The chief force pushing water and solutes out of the plasma across the glomerular filtration membrane is:

A. Glomerular hydrostatic pressure

B. Colloid osmotic pressure

C. Capsular hydrostatic pressure

D. ATP driven process of filtration

A. Glomerular hydrostatic pressure

Which 2 hormones are important regulators of sodium reabsorption?

A. Angiotensin II and ADH

B. Angiotensin II and aldosterone

C. Angiotensin I and epinephrine

D. Angiotensin I and ANP

B. Angiotensin II and aldosterone

Which cells of the nephron are sensory cells that respond to the changes in NaCl concentration to make sure GFR is occurring normally?

A. Juxtaglomerular cells

B. Mesangial cells

C. Macula densa cells

D. Principle cells

C. Macula densa cells

All the following statement is FALSE?

A. PTH increases plasma calcium levels be inhibiting phosphate reabsorption in the PCT and increases calcium reabsorption in the DCT.

B. Aldosterone synthesis and secretion is strongly controlled by Angiotensin II and hyperkalemia/hyponatremia.

C. Hypokalemia is associated with arrhythmias from irregular electrical activity in the heart.

D. Excessive HCO3 loss due to prolonged diarrhea leads to metabolic alkalosis.

D. Excessive HCO3 loss due to prolonged diarrhea leads to metabolic alkalosis.

To correct hypercapnia, pulmonary ventilation will _______ to _______ pH:

A. increase, increase

B. decrease, decrease

C. increase, decrease

D. decrease, increase

A. increase, increase

T/F: Flow of urine is as such: collecting duct, papillary duct, minor calyx, major calyx, renal pelvis, ureter, urinary bladder and finally urethra?

TRUE

Which is NOT a component of the countercurrent multiplier mechanism?

A. The nephron loop acts as the countercurrent multiplier

B. Descending limb is permeable to water

C. Ascending limb is permeable to solutes

D. Tubular fluid traveling down the descending limb decreases in osmolarity

D. Tubular fluid traveling down the descending limb decreases in osmolarity

To maintain "normal" GFR, NFP should be:

A. 1 mm/Hg, if the filtration coefficient is 12.5 ml/min

B. 10 mm/Hg, if the filtration coefficient is 12.5 ml/min

C. 25 mm/Hg, if the filtration coefficient is 12.5 ml/min

D. 50 mm/Hg, if the filtration coefficient is 12.5 ml/min

B. 10 mm/Hg, if the filtration coefficient is 12.5 ml/min

Finding this on urinalysis would be considered abnormal:

A. urea

B. creatinine

C. albumin

D. uric acid

C. albumin

What percent of water in filtrate is reabsorbed in the PCT?

A. 10%

B. 35%

C. 65%

D. 100%

C. 65%

Which of these is NOT an effect of Angiotensin II?

A. vasoconstriction

B. stimulations secretion of aldosterone

C. decreases thirst

D. stimulates ADH secretion

C. decreases thirst

Which 3 areas of the nephron can Na+ be reabsorbed?

A. PCT, descending limb of the nephron loop, DCT

B. Ascending limb of the nephron loop, DCT, collecting duct

C. Ascending and descending limb of the nephron loop and collecting duct

D. PCT, ascending limb of the nephron loop, DCT

D. PCT, ascending limb of the nephron loop, DCT

T/F: An example of transport maximum is when blood glucose levels are above 220mg/dL and transporters are all occupied and excess glucose pass by and appear in the urine.

TRUE

100% of the following are reabsorbed in the PCT, EXCEPT:

A. glucose

B. amino acids

C. lactate

D. water

D. water

T/F: Hypoventilation can be a corrective homeostatic response to alkalosis

TRUE

Using the following information:

Normal pH = 7.35-7.45; Acidosis < 7.35; Alkalosis >7.45

Normal PCO2 (respiratory) = 35-45; Acidosis >45; Alkalosis <35

Normal HCO3 (metabolic) = 22-26; Acidosis <22; Alkalosis >26

Findings of pH = 7.0, PCO2 = 55, HCO3 = 25 would be indicative of:

A. Respiratory acidosis.

B. Respiratory alkalosis

C. Metabolic acidosis

D. Metabolic alkalosis

A. Respiratory acidosis.

Filtration membrane includes all the following except:

A. Fenestrated capillaries

B. Podocytes

C. Basement membrane (negatively charged)

D. Juxtaglomerular apparatus

D. Juxtaglomerular apparatus

Which statement about nephrons is FALSE:

A. 15% Juxtamedullary nephrons; play a role in solitary gradient of medulla

B. Efferent arteriole brings blood to glomerulus; afferent arteriole takes blood away

C. Renal corpuscle consists of glomerulus and bowmen's capsule

D. 85% cortical nephrons; play a role in blood plasma filtration

B. Efferent arteriole brings blood to glomerulus; afferent arteriole takes blood away

What happens if capsular hydrostatic pressure increases?

A. Kf decreases

B. NFP decreases

C. GFR increases proportionally to an increase in CP

D. COP increases

B. NFP decreases

Concentration of solutes in tubular fluid is greatest in:

A. glomerular capsule

B. PCT

C. DCT

D. tip of loop of Henle

D. Tip of loop of Henle

Principle cells in the DCT & CD:

A. secrete renin

B. respond to ADH & aldosterone

C. respond to ADH only

D. respond to aldosterone only

B. respond to ADH & aldosterone

Using the following information:

Normal pH = 7.35-7.45; Acidosis < 7.35; Alkalosis >7.45

Normal PCO2 (respiratory) = 35-45; Acidosis >45; Alkalosis <35

Normal HCO3 (metabolic) = 22-26; Acidosis <22; Alkalosis >26

A patient with chronic vomiting has an arteriole blood gas of pH = 7.47, PCO2 = 47, HCO3 = 32. What is the acid-base problem?

A. Metabolic alkalosis

B. Metabolic acidosis

C. Respiratory acidosis

D. Respiratory alkalosis

A. Metabolic alkalosis

Prolonged hyperventilation can result in:

A. Metabolic alkalosis

B. Metabolic acidosis

C. Respiratory acidosis

D. Respiratory alkalosis

D. Respiratory alkalosis

Hyposecretion of ADH has what effect on urine volume and urine concentration:

A. increased V, decreased [ ]

B. increased V, increased [ ]

C. decreased V, increased [ ]

D. decreased V, decreased [ ]

A. increased V, decreased [ ]

Which is not a cause of an abnormal urinalysis like proteinuria/glucosuria?

A. Hypotension

B. Damage to glomerular filtration

C. Pre-eclampsia

D. Type II Diabetes Mellitus

A. Hypotension

Using the following information:

Normal pH = 7.35-7.45; Acidosis < 7.35; Alkalosis >7.45

Normal PCO2 (respiratory) = 35-45; Acidosis >45; Alkalosis <35

Normal HCO3 (metabolic) = 22-26; Acidosis <22; Alkalosis >26

pH = 7.36, PCO2 = 26, HCO3 = 20.

A. Compensated Metabolic alkalosis

B. Compensated Metabolic acidosis

C. Compensated Respiratory acidosis

D. Compensated Respiratory alkalosis

B. Compensated Metabolic acidosis