OCEANOGRAPHY/MARINE BIOLOGY SPRING SEMESTER EXAM

invertibrates

animals without a backbone

vertibrates

animals with a backbone

diploid

the presence of two complete sets of chromosomes in an organism's cells, with each parent contributing a chromosome to each pair.

no symmetry

what symmetry do sponges have

radial

round :: equal parts radiate from a center point

bilateral

organism can be divided into right and left halves

spongin

the support protein in sponges

spicules

support structures of silica or calcium carbonate in sponges

sessile

of an organism, fixed in one place :: immobile.

ostia

numerous tiny pores in sponges that allow water to pass through

choanocytes

line interior canals of the sponge body and trap food particles

pinacocytes

cells cover exterior of sponge body

porocytes

cells with pores that allow water to pass through the sponge body

radial

what type of symmetry do cnidarians have

medusae

free floating form of cnidarian transferred by water currents

polyp

The sessile, tubular form of a cnidarian with a mouth and tentacles at one end and a basal disk at the other

2

cnidarians have __ tissue layers

epidermis

tissue layer in cnidarians that covers the body surface

gastrodermis

tissue layer in cnidarians that lines internal body

cnidocytes

stinging cells in cnidarians

nematocyst

capsules located on tentacles used for protection and feeding

cnidaria

jellyfish phylum

hydrozoa

Portuguese man-of-war

Scyphozoa

true jellyfish

cubozoa

box jellyfish

anthozoa

sea anemones and corals

ctenophora

comb jellies

hermatypic

reef building corals :: hard corals

ahermatypic

non-reef building corals :: soft corals

zooxanthellae

reef building dinoflagellate that has a symbiotic relationship with corals

mesenterial filaments

long, coiled tubes that aide corals in digestion

platyhelminthes

phylum for flukes, tapeworms and turbellarians

bilateral

what type of symmetry do platyhelminthes have

3

platyhelminthes have __ tissue layers

turbellarians

free living worms that have warning or coloration patters

flukes

parasitic worms that have suckers to attach themselves to blood vessels

tapeworms

parasitic worms that have segmented bodies

nemertea

ribbon worms

nematoa

round worms

annelida

segmented worms

coral reef

massive deposit of calcium carbonate by colonial stony corals and other organisms

coral polyp

produce calcium carbonate and come together to form coral skeletons which turn into massive reefs

mantle

secretes shell, waste disposal, sensory reception

radula

used for grazing in marine mollusks :: tears off food

polyplacophora

chitons :: dorsal shell of 8 plates

bivalvia

clams, oysters, scallops, mussels, etc :: have two shells

umbo

oldest part of a bivalve shell

muscular foot

used for locomotion and burrowing

cephalopoda

octopus, squid, etc :: most advanced invertibrataes :: have internal shells

siphons

used for jet propulsion in cephalopods

specialized segmentation

segments combine for specific functions in marine arthropods

cephalophora

heads and thorax become a fused unit in crustaceans

carapace

entire external body of crustaceans

horseshoe crab

have blue blood :: oldest creatures on earth → virtually unchanged

penta-radial

what symmetry do sea stars have

tube feet

miniature “feet” on the underside of sea stars that allow them to move

pedicellaria

pinchers on skin that keep sea stars clean

brittle star

Ophiuroidea

brittle star

sea stars with very thin arms that they have the ability to intentionally break off when in distress or trying to escape a predator

Echinoidea

sea urchins, sea biscuits, sand dollars

aristotle’s lantern

a complex feeding structure found in sea urchins. It consists of five teeth and associated muscles used for grinding food.

test

rigid plates fused together in sea urchins

sea cucumbers

Holothuroidea

evisceration

escape plan in which sea cucumbers spit out their organs

crinoids

crinoidea

gastropods

largest group of nudibranchs/molluscs

parapodia

fleshy external appendages in polychaete worms

coelom

body cavity first seen in segmented worms

chordates

phylum that contains 2 invertibrate groups as well as fish and sharks

notochord

nerve cord support

tunicates

urochordata

sea squirts

member of tunicates

tunicates

larval stage has all 4 chordate traits but lose them in adulthood EXCEPT pharygeneal slits

chordate traits

notochord, tubular dorsal nerve cord, gill slits/pharygeneal pouches, post anal tail

lancelets

cephalochordata

lancelets

possess all chordate traits but do not become more advanced

jawless fish

agnatha

hagfish

Jawless marine fish with slimy skin, no scales, and a cartilaginous skeleton. They feed on dead or dying animals and can produce large amounts of slime when threatened.

lamprey

Jawless fish with a long, eel-like body and a circular sucker for a mouth. They are parasitic, attaching to other fish and sucking their blood.

Chondrichthyes

sharks, mantas, rays and ratfishes

swim bladder

chondrichthyes lack a ___ ____

placoid scales

Type of small, tooth-like scales found in cartilaginous fish such as sharks and rays. they a pointed tip that faces backwards, reducing drag and aiding in swimming.

ampullae of lorenzini

Specialized sensory organs that detect electrical fields and help these animals locate prey, navigate, and communicate.

viviparous

live birth

ovipary

birth from eggs

pathogenesis

giving birth without a male

dorsoventrally

one characteristic of rays is that theyre _____________ flattened

wings

a rays pectoral fins are modified into _______

skates

have a fleshy tail without spine but are similar to rays

bony fish

osteichthytes

operculum

protection for gills from injury

lateral line

The sensory system that detects vibrations and changes in water pressure, allowing them to navigate, locate prey, and avoid predators.

countershading

Type of camouflage where the dorsal side of an animal is darker than the ventral side, helping to blend in with the environment and avoid detection by predators.

disruptive coloration

A camouflage technique where patterns and colors break up the outline of an organism, making it harder to detect by predators or prey.

fused teeth

used for scraping algae/creatures off of surfaces

tube mouth

used for feeding on corals

sharp teeth

used for capturing prey

2

how many chambers in do fish have in their heart

osmoregulate

fish have the ability to ________ to control salt and water concentration

urea

cartilagenous fish are able to concentrate _____ in their blood