Topic 9: Microbial Genetics

Genes

________ are spread across multiple chromosomes, no operon, introns need to be spliced.

Transcripiton

________ yields a ribonucleic acid (RNA) copy of specific genes.

Exteins

________- portions that remain in protein.

DNA

________ is the master blueprint for life that always remains within the nucleus.

Promotor

________ is located at the start of the gene.

Enzymes

________ are made primarily from protein.

Information

________ stored in DNA is simply how to place amino acids in a particular sequence to make proteins.

Double helix

________ has sugar, phosphate group, and nucelotide.

Central dogma

________: DNA goes through transcription to become RNA which goes through translation to become protein.

Genetic code

________- universal (prokaryotes and eukaryotes) and degenerate (or redundant)

primer

A(n) ________- DNA or RNA strand.

Sugars

________ they contain- deoxyribose in DNA and ribose in RNA.

Nitrogenous bases

________ they contain- T in DNA and U in RNA.

Codons

________ are found in mRNA and code for single amino acids.

Catabolism

________:"break down of large molecules.

RNA

Single or double stranded- double in DNA and single in ________.

human cell

Each ________ has about 1.8 meters of DNA.

Exons

________ are separated from one another by introns (intervening sequences) that code for RNA that is never translated into protein.

Eukaryotic cells

________- DNA material located within the nucleus; protein synthesized outside of the nucelus.

Proteins

________ that aid the folding of polypeptides.

DNA sequences

________ mark the end of gene in the trailer and the terminator.

Chromatin

________ is duplicated and condensed during mitosis.

DNA polymerase V

________- prokaryotes SOS response due to damage.

Bacterial ribosomes

________ are smaller than those of eukaryotic cells.

Prokaryotic cells

________- DNA and protein synthesis located in the cytoplasm.

Topoisomerase

________- regulate over underwinding of DNA (antibiotics, cancer target)

Transfer RNA

________ molecules deliver amino acids to the ribosomes and place them in the appropriate location of the mRNA molecule.

removal of interons

Gene (transcription into primary mRNA) → primary mRNA (________ and joining of exons) → mature mRNA.

Archaea DNA structure

________ is similar to eukaryotic cells.

Synthesis

________ is semi- conservation; each daughter cell obtains one old and one new strand.

Anabolism

________:"build up of large molecules.

DNA polymerase

________ I- fill in primase /Okazaki fragement gaps.

Leader sequence

________ is transcribed into mRNA but is not translated into amino acids.

Ribosomal RNA

________ combines with protein to form ribosomes, which are the sites for proetin synthesis.

DNA and RNA

nucleic acids

nitrogenous bases they contain

T in DNA and U in RNA

sugars they contain

deoxyribose in DNA and ribose in RNA

single or double stranded

double in DNA and single in RNA

Purines

adenine and guanine

Purimidines

thymine, cytosine

Mostly single circular chromosome

haploid

ex

number of genes in E. coli = 3500-5000

Extra-chromosomal bacterial DNA

plasmids (1-5% of chromosome size)

A template

directs synthesis of complementary strand

A primer

DNA or RNA strand

Central dogma

DNA goes through transcription to become RNA which goes through translation to become protein

Helicase

separate DNA

Topoisomerase

regulate over underwinding of DNA (antibiotics, cancer target)

DNA gyrase

topoisomerase II, relieve strain (antibiotics target)

Primase

RNA polymerase, make a primer

DNA polymerase I

fill in primase/Okazaki fragement gaps

DNA polymerase II

back up

DNA polymerase III

primary, proof reading

DNA polymerase IV

prokaryotes involves in mutagensis

DNA polymerase V

prokaryotes SOS response due to damage

Genes that Code for Proteins

The Coding Region

Chromosome length

-1 mm

Cell Size

0.5x3 μm

The initial RNA transcript has both intron and exon sequences

RNA processing required

Eukaryotic cells

DNA material located within the nucleus; protein synthesized outside of the nucelus

Prokaryotic cells

DNA and protein synthesis located in the cytoplasm

Anabolism

"build up of large molecules"

Catabolism

"break down of large molecules"

Genetic code

universal (prokaryotes and eukaryotes) and degenerate (or redundant)

mRNA (messenger RNA)

a copy of a gene

rRNA (ribosomal RNA)

site for proetin synthesis

attachement site

Shine-Dalgarno sequence (in arachaea and eubacteria)

tRNA (transfer RNA)

transports amino acids

Prokaryotes

only 1 RNAP

Within the bubble a temporary RNA

DNA hybird is formed

anticodons

tRNA

Translation of mRNA begins at the start codon

AUG

RNA polymerase

Shine-Dalgarno sequence

Translation ends at a stop codon

UAA (ochre), UAG (amber), UGA (opal)

polyribosome

complex of mRNA with several ribosomes

native conformation

3D tertiary structure

inteins

removed portion

exteins

portions that remain in protein

Final Phase in Elongation Cycle

Translocation

nonsense (stop) codons

UAA, UAG, and UGA

Cytoplasm

prokaryotes

Nucleus

eukaryotes

1

prokaryotes

multiple

eukaryotes

100-200 n

prokaryotes

150 n

eukaryotes

1

prokaryotes

multiple

eukaryotes

2

prokaryotes

multiple

eukaryotes

1000-2000 n

prokaryotes

2000 bp

prokaryotes

100 bp

eukaryotes

Each human cell has about ___ of DNA.

1.8 meters

DNA is wound on ___ which has about 90 μm of chromatin.

histones

When chromatin is duplicated and condensed during mitosis, it results in about 120 μm of ___.

chromosomes

What does most chemical reactions dealing with organic molecules require?

enzymes

What are enzymes primarily made of?

protein

What information is stored in the DNA coding for?

how to place amino acids in a particular sequence therefore making protein

What are the only structural variables within a DNA molecule?

nucleotides