APUSH - Period 4 Notes

Age of Jefferson: Considerations

• How would the presidency affect Jefferson the idealist

• Expansion to west & native impact

• Increasing auth of govt & interpretation of const

  • judicial review & judicial natlism (SCOTUS)

• Defense of neutral rights

Thomas Jefferson: 1801-1809

• Considered moderate

• kept federalist policies in place (BUS) (did remove A/S acts & excise tax on whiskey)

• backed away from nullification (states deciding constality)

• nearly halved debt, military spending slashed

• brought “simplicity” to white house (thought feds were elitist so less formal, handshake)

• presidency tested his ideals

Louisiana Purchase

• TJ bought 1803 for $15 mil, doubled size of US (new orleans, MS river)

• Controversy, required broad interpretation to buy, feds upset

• purchase began shift of political philosophy between parties

• benefited repubs, new land for “agrarian republic”

Effects of LA Purchase: Takeaways

• fit nationalistic attitude of expansion

  • frontier identity; self reliance, rugged individualism, experimentation

  • spread of liberty & democracy

• repub more of natl party, feds confined to NE

  • NE wanted to cede, GW’s warning

• land begins debate whether/not to expand slavery

  • & balance of pwr b/w free & slave states (only balanced in Senate)

• cheap land drew ppl to migrate (hardships, hope for civilization to arrive kept them there)

  • Internal migration

• govt policy to remove natives (rarely enforced treaties giving natives land)

  • allowed states to forcibly remove natives

States’ Rights vs. National Power: Context

• issue revolved around judicial review

  • repubs say state rights (VA & KY resolutions)

• midnight appts so jud branch in fed hands

  • TJ & JM tried to block Marbury

  • Chief Justice Marshall’s ruling gave jud review to SCOTUS

• Marshall usually took from states & gave to natl, broad views (jud natlism)

• Marbury v. Madison 1803

  • SCOTUS declared a congressional law unconst (judiciary act 1789)

  • gives jud review to natl govt, against TJ & JMAD (not a settled ussue, cont sectl matter)

    • against state rights, 10th amend

Neutral Rights, Impressment, Embargo

• Context:

  • Cont of defending neutral rights (since GW 1789)

  • Napoleonic wars test defense, US cont to trade w/ both sides

  • TJ wanted to avoid “entangling alliances” & cut mili budget (defend free seas)

• Test of neutrality: chesapeake/leopard incident 1807

  • USS ches attacked by HMS leo, impressment

  • TJ responds eco not mili, like adams' cutting off trade

Embargo Act 1807

• Done by exec order (bypass cong in crisis)

• tj stopped ALL US imports/exports (to obtain official recognition of neu)

  • So brit/fra wont steal

• Effects:

  • depression ‘07-’09

  • TJ used broad view to make act (if cong can regulate trade, can prohibit)

  • sparked manufacturing to replace brit goods (against agrarian repub)

• repealed mar 1809

• replaced w/ non-intercourse act 1809, trade w/ all but brit/fra

• still dont respect neu rights

James Madison 1809-1917

• Inherited intl crisis again

• many “war hawks'“ entered cong, repub natlists wanted war w/ gb (south & west)

  • Brits were supplying natives w/ guns (still in forts)

  • Pressured madison (JA survived pressure, Mad wont)

• 1811 Battle of Tippecanoe (IN)

  • william henry harrison defeated tecumseh’s confederation

  • last condeferation of natives to fight US govt

• Signed Macon’s Bill No 2 1810

  • reopen trade if they respect rights (when one agreed, embargo other)

  • napo says ok, US embargoed brit

  • gb tried to change position 1812 but cong declared war

    • declared war b4 parlt agreed

War of 1812

• Causes:

  • defense of neutral rights

  • gb impressment (ches/leo incident)

  • desire to annex canada to solve native problem (no more supplying)

• no feds wanted this, pro brit, “Mr. Madison’s War”

• US wins, “Second War of Independence” (now has eco indy)

• ignited nationalism

Key Events of the War of 1812

• Emergence of natl military heroes

  • andrew jackson, oliver hazard perry, whh, william hull

• Battle of Lake Erie 1813

  • won by ohp, saved a northern invasion by gb

• Battle of the Thames 1813

  • won by whh, attack on gb canada capital York (burned)

  • tecumseh fought w/ brits and died

• British occupation of DC 1814

  • gb looted and burned and occupied washington, humiliating defeat for us

• Battle of Fort McHenry in MD 1814

  • US successfully defended Baltimore

  • victory inspired francis scott key’s Star Spangled Banner

• Battle of Horseshoe Bend in AL 1814

  • Jackson defeated Creeks, treaty gave land to US, most of what becomes AL

  • Treaty of Ft Jackson gave up 2/3 of Creek land

• Battle of New Orleans 1815

  • AJ defeated brits, battle fought after peace treaty signed

• treaty of ghent primarily ended fighting 1814 (no more impressment)

Effects of the War

• The War of 1812 resulted in a strong sense of nationalism that was reflected in economics, the law, politics, society, and foreign policy

• Wo1812 won economic independence (begin more manufacturing

• Factors toward eco indy:

  • 2nd BUS 1816: flexible, uniform monetary system

    • credit extended to member banks (capital/$)

      • Load $ to states for land etc

    • Madison gave 20 yr charter

  • Protective Tariff 1816: to “protect” US manufacturers from foreign competition

    • protection of industry rather than revenue, change

    • sectional issue, south upset over use of implied pwr (broad view)

      • trying to avoid foreign reliance, south relies on GB

      • south worries abt abolishing slavery w/ implied pwrs

    • Long-term civil war cause

  • Internal improvements: connect nation w/ infrastructure

    • create markets for all regions, sense of unity, natlistic

    • natl govt rarely sponsored, improvements left to states

    • long run: NE connected more to NW, south developed in isolation

• Takeaway: jmad & repubs supported measures, shift of political philosophy (broad & strict swap parties)

Judicial Nationalism: The Marshall Court

• Broad views of const took pwr from states

• Marbury v Madison

• McCulloch v Maryland 1819 (MD tried to tax BUS)

  • SCOTUS determined BUS to be const

  • no state can tax fed agency (made BUS fed agency)

  • reinforced elastic clause

• Dartmouth v Woodward 1819 (NH wants Dartmouth to be a public school)

  • SCOTUS upheld contract clause of const

  • states cant violate contract w/o cause for political incentives

  • Dartmouth remained private institution

• Gibbons v Ogden 1824 (sued bc same sailing company had all of NY to NJ)

  • SCOTUS upheld commerce clause of const

  • only cong may regulate interstate commerce w/o state interference

  • opened competition on airways (one steamboat business gets cong grant?)

Political Effects

• War brought end to federalist party (upset since LA purchase)

  • Hartford Convention (CT 1814)

    • demanded amendments to limit pwr of southern repubs

    • radicals threatened secession if demands not met (first)

  • Demands met w/ hostility at end of war, seemed unpatriotic

  • by 1820, party didnt nominate prez candidate

• US entered “era of good feelings”

  • politically disorganized 2 party system

  • everyone a “republican,” like a one party system envisioned by fathers

  • nationalism

• James Monroe 1817-1825

  • benefited from natlism

  • cont “VA dynasty” of prez (last)

Societal Effects

• natlism on display in US

  • US committed to west expansion, liberty/democracy/progress (white)

  • slavery, assault on natives

• Celebratory symbols popular

  • eagle, landscape art, 4th of July, literature (hudson river school of art)

    • mason locke weems wrote popular GW biography

• schoolchildren learned us spelling, noah webster’s “blue-backed” speller

• Reformers inspired to expand democracy to more ppl

  • expand opportunities & improve society

  • women getting involved in democracy thru reform

    • republican motherhood → cult of domesticity, at this time women “pure” and “corrupted by work”

  • primary inspo was 2nd great awakening

    • an individual can bring change

Foreign Policy

• Natlism reflected in US foreign policy: cont of GW’s precedent & tradition of isolationism (temp alliances)

• us need to repair relations w/ gb bc rely on manufactured goods & bc neighbor to north

• Rush-Bagot Agreement 1817

  • us and gb demilitarized great lakes, help est unfortified border b/w us and canada

• Convention of 1818

  • in London, boundary of canada established @ 49th parallel

  • us and gb agreed “joint occupation” of oregon (fur)

• JQA influential secretary of state under Monroe, helped acquire territory & settle dispute

• Context: us dec of indy inspired s. am revolutions

  • spa losing new world empire, us saw opportunity to get FL

  • us quickly recognized new country so neighbors are chill, for isolation

  • AJ sent to FL to push natives back into spa

    • dont attack/enter, began seminole wars ‘17-’19

    • claimed panhandle and executed 2 brits (assumed brits were with natives)

  • us govt backed AJ, forced spa to negotiate

  • Adams-Onis Treaty 1819, US bought FL for $5mil

Monroe Doctrine

• Wtitten by JQA 1823: letter wanting a diff destiny for US, copied and sent to heads of state

  • not passed by cong, newfound nationalism

• declared west hemisphere “closed” to further euro colonization

  • stay out of our business, stay out of yours (no legal standing)

• reinforce us isolation tradition, indy, self-confidence in foreign affairs, nationalistic

• isolation aided by oceans, friendly neighbors, gb navy

Threats to Nationalism: Panic of 1819

• Context:

  • eco growth and prosperity, esp post war

  • BUS helped fuel growth by extending credit to state banks

  • buyers gone, so og buyers cant pay state, state cant pay BUS, crashes

    • bubble in west land sales

  • west expansion saw many borrow $ and try to sell land (land speculators)

  • overspeculation in selling of new land, buyers “run out” (system crumbles)

• First panic hurt west and south

• threat to nationalism: social unrest, sectional division, distrust of govt

Threats to Nationalism: Effects of the Panic

• distrust of BUS, esp in south and west

• BUS survived but streamlined/downsized

• west land cheaper to discourage speculation: Public Land Act 1820

  • opened voting so ppl stay, no land requirement (demo expands)

• sectl issues over cheap land sales (north and south against for different reasons)

  • upper south against bc worried natl govt would rely too much on protective tariff for revenue

  • north against bc losing population and labor force (unskilled labor, losing house representation)

• eco recovered as confidence returned, nationalism in “era of good feelings'“

Threats to Nationalism: Missouri Crisis

• Context:

  • expansion thriving early 19th century (new states, cheap land)

  • territories follow ordinance of 1787, cong was authority until own legislature

  • cong tried to maintain balance of free/slave states so one sect wouldnt have advantage

• 1819, MO applied as slave state, would upset balance

• cong debated MO’s application w/o result & w/ threats of severe sectlism (MO fit all requirements)

• Henry Clay (KY) “great compromiser” constructed MO Comprimise

  • MO admitted as slave, Maine admitted as free (ME didnt fit)

  • remaining LA territory above 36*30’ “forever forbidden” to slavery (not MO)

    • everything above MO’s southern border

  • temp compromise, eventually new states become free (south agreed bc land unsuitable

Clay’s “American System” 1820s

• Counter arg to sectl issues

• natlist, eco measures to combat sectlism

• internal improvements so more connected (south)

• purpose: build eco self sufficiency, confidence, connections (nothing abt slavery)

• proposals: 2nd BUS, protective tariffs, internal improvements (federal pays)

• Clay et al fought to suppress sectlism (south isolation)

  • never adresses slavery, says build roads to connect (all issues revolved around slavery)

• south only investing in land and slaves (no int imp, cotton by ship)

• NE and NW connected bc commercialization of agriculture in NW, markets for goods in NE

  • tech/infrastructure made commer possible (canals etc)

Nullification Crisis 1830s

• AJ (1829-1837) w/VP John C Calhoun (dont like each other

• Context:

  • “tariff of abominations” 1828, protective tariff, raised rates

  • south, esp SC, upset bc struggled economically (SC no cotton/industry)

  • law benefit one and hurt other, legitimate argument, farmers pay higher prices

  • began sectl conflict over who decides constality

    • shoudlve been Mar v Mad, SCOTUS

  • Calhoun arguing to nullify tariff w/ states (against AJ, AJ defended Union)

Crisis Timeline

• Calhoun anon published The South Caroline Exposition and Protest 1828 (response to tariff)

  • tariff is unconst, nullify, pro states (precedent, VA/KY resolutions)

    • VA/KY wanted nullification of Alien/Sedition

• AJ quiet until 1830 dinner party in DC

  • to calhoun: “the union-it must be preserved”

  • to AJ: “the union, next to our liberty, most dear”

• Tariff of 1832, meant to lower rates but raised (AJ did it)

  • SC nullified both, not complying w/ fed law

• Cong passed “force bill” so AJ can use military force if necessary

• SC threatened secession and prepped militia

• compromise tariff 1833 by clay (lower rates)

• union wins pov: SC foced to comply

• states win pov: forced cong to lower rates

• no one wins pov: nullification unsettled, temp comp

  • SC nullified force bill

• Long term civil war cause

Institution of Slavery

• Context:

  • “cotton kingdom” early 1800s, deep south “black belt” (GA, AL, MS, LA)

  • cotton gin revived slavery, demand for more labor (eli whitney)

  • institution harher in DS, stricter slave codes, violence more common

  • developed in iso to protect “unique way of life,” “manly independence”

• Only nation w/ race-based slavery

  • an institution of forced labor based on race, legally protected, and justified by white supremacy

  • an institution defined by inhumanity, sustained thru violence, and justified by white supremacy

Abolitionism

• religious crusade (quakers), slavery a moral evil

• churches in north and south split over slavery (same denominations split on issue, N vs S)

• abolitionists focus on moral appeal

• 1830s: south stopped apologizing for slavery, slave owners more paternal

  • “necessary evil” → “positive good”

  • If slavery ends, they might move north and start race war/mix races

  • miscegenation of races, “pure race mixing w/ mongrel race”

  • minstrel shows misinformed north, Uncle Tom’s Cabin revealed truth

  • treating slaves like children. manipulation, stunting growth

• Effect: abolitionism more gradual, then immediate end w/o compensation

  • cause of civil war, scared south

  • promoted by william lloyd garrison w/ Liberator newspaper

Immigration

• surge from early 1800s to mid 1800s (from N/W euro, irish, germans)

  • bc opportunity, escape oppression/war/famine

  • not accepted bc poor & catholic

• settled in urban areas, some western farmers

  • willing to work more for less, upset displaced workers

  • irish are hated, nearly as much as blacks (blacks compete w/ irish for jobs)

• nativism emerged

  • anti-immigrant/catholic groups form

  • violence and bigotry more acceptable (dont care abt it)

  • order of the star spangled banner, “know nothings” (originally secret)

    • later went public, know nothing: 3rd party (anti immigration, 40s and 50s)

• factories transitioned to a foreign workforce (went from personal to profit oriented)

  • exploitation of labor, factory conditions worsen, downtown slums

• more diversity in the workforce, forced to work together, tolerance in the north

Age of Jackson: Andrew Jackson 1829-1837

• Consider: broad view of history

• to what extent did federal pwr increase 1800-37?

  • judicial natlism: scotus decides constality, pwr states → govt

• what was impact of west expa 1820s-30s

  • conflict: whether to expand slavery

  • 1820s: Mex govt let Ams move to TX (cattle ranching)

    • 1835 outlawed slavery, 1836 TX fought and won indy

    • asked Aj to annex, slave state w/o balance, became republic

• how was natlism juxtaposed w/ increased exec pwr under AJ

  • how did increase prove contrary to AJ’s “defense” of ppl’s interests

• how did AJ believe he was cont TJ’s vision of Am

  • common ppl against elite (thinks so), agrarian

Rise of the Common Man

• AJ leader of comman

• 1828 election turning pt

  • mudslinging campaign, AJ is killer/adulterer

  • political rallies more common

  • impact of popu vote for prez, electors vote as state votes

• impact of suff expa (dropped land so ppl come in/dont go)

  • wealthy upset, more participatory demo

• Jacksonian demo: rise of comman and individualism, expa demo

  • AJ thinks women were spiritual yada yada

• AJ claimed to defend comman from eastern elite

• Introed “spoils system” or rotation in office (patronage)

  • replacement of office holders (nonelected) w/ AJ supporters (civil service ppl)

  • potential danger: appts not merit-based, corruption

• AJ increased prez pwr, change

  • legislated from white house, used veto, often defied checks/balances (act as 3 branches)

Removal of Native Americans

• Context:

  • many treaties concluded by “indian agents” w/in federal govt

  • states disagreed w/ level of fed auth, natl govt didnt defend treaties

  • ex: 1790 treaty w/ Creek (GA) - protect against intrusion on land, give sov

    • GA began selling land, feds did nothing

  • ex: Ohio Wars 1790-94

    • Miami promised land, infringed, fed troops sent, miami led by chied little turtle

    • battle of fallen timbers 1794 near toledo

    • treaty of greenville 1795: natives ceded what became ohio

• AJ’s actions:

  • believed whites and natives cant coexist, want them to go across MS west

  • thinks hed “save” natives by moving them

  • 1830L cong passed indian removal act (fed assistance to states)

  • Marshall, Worcester v Georgia 1832 - cherokee had valid contract to remain

  • Aj used fed auth to help GA remove cherokee et al, became trail of tears 1838

    • to today’s OK, “indian territory”

    • cherokee says not following principles, no rule of law

The Bank War

• How did AJ’s actions vs BUS foreshadow eco instability

• AJ distrust BUS, lost $ during panic (bus did well during his presidency)

  • thought only benefited a few wealthy and could bring harm to economy by extending too much credit

  • said not federally regulated despite scotus

• 1832 election

  • clay made bus an issue in election, pushed for recharter 4 yrs early, cong approved

    • make NE mad if yes, make SW mad if no (Aj loses popu vote/election)

    • hope clay wins in house tiebreaker

  • AJ vetoed recharter, claimed bus harmful and unconst despite scotus

    • feels justified bc thinks helping the ppl

    • veto w/ exec pwr, 2/3 of cong majority, defy scotus (all 3 branches)

• AJ easily reelected, began withdrawing govt $ from BUS, deposited in "pet banks”

  • state banks that didnt get $ were forced to pay loans, cant pay

  • consequence: panic and depression (AJ not blamed, prez of bus)

Panic of 1837

• bus president nicholas biddle began calling in loans

• AJ issued Specie Circular 1837: all west land sales w/ gold and silver (hurt farmers)

• financial instability → panic, overspeculation in west land sales

• AJ out of office b4 financial crisis, martin van buren 1837-1841 suffered

• AJ’s legacy abt 100yrs of eco instability by destroying BUS

Second Party System

• feds & repubs → good feelings → this in 1830s

• democratic party led by AJ (TJ’s legacy, following him)

  • small govt, laissez faire, opposed to govt intervention in private affairs

  • party of comman (farmers, laborers, immigrants, catholics, academics, white southerners)

• whig party led by clay/calhoun

  • called AJ K. Andrew I, from anti-monarchy brit party

  • anti AJ, 1836 ish

  • strong natl govt, CAN be responsible for solving social/eco problems (not should)

    • reformers, evangelists, abolitionists, moralists, northerners, “native born,” large plantation owners

• 1840 election

  • whh for whigs, another war hero for commen (tippecanoe)

    • log cabin campaign, “Tippecanoe and Tyler too” (gave cider and toys)

  • whh died in office 1841, succeeded by John Tyler (prez w/o party)

    • ex-dem, refused to enforce whig legislation (BUS)

Cultural Nationalism: Takeaways

• American identity cont to emerge in 1st half of 19th century

• popular demo, individualism, nationalism: factors to US culture

• main impulses for reform:

  • faith in human nature, goodness of individual

  • desire for order/control, utopias and religious communities

  • religious and moral impulses

• romanticism: artistic movement inspired by inner spirit, opposite of enlightenment

  • imagination, pwr of indiv, emotion, intuition

• 2nd great awakening (religious revivalism)

  • indiv actions to earn salvation, belief indiv can bring pos change

  • inspired reform (midclass & women, now they can participate)

Evidence of Cultural Nationalism

• religious revivalism: “homegrown” religs, many from “burned over” district upstate NY

  • security in "fast-changing society”

  • mormons: from Joseph Smith, led to utah by brigham young

    • 1830 The Book of Mormon: JS visited by angel, wrote book, supplement to bible

  • other existing religions expanded, esp in south and west (circuit riders)

• Cult natlism: a mvmt embracing romanticism and atmpts to create am culture

  • literature and art reflected instinct, emotion, nature, attpts perfection, celebration of demo

  • transcendentalism: social justice, equality, truth, potential

• utopian societies: perf societies, non conformist, non traditional, commune, oneida