Units 15/16 (CH. 31 + 32)

1. The major candidates for president in 1960 were
A) Lyndon Johnson and Dwight Eisenhower.
B) Dwight Eisenhower and John Kennedy.
C) Richard Nixon and Harry Truman.
D) John Kennedy and Richard Nixon.
E) Richard Nixon and Lyndon Johnson.

D) John Kennedy and Richard Nixon.

2. Kennedy encountered difficulty getting his legislative proposals passed by Congress because
A) Republicans controlled both houses of Congress.
B) he had lost the support of the western liberals.
C) conservative Democrats tended to vote against them.
D) his programs were too conservative for the Democratic party.
E) of the unpopularity of the Vietnam War.

C) conservative Democrats tended to vote against them.

3. The Warren Commission reviewed the Kennedy assassination and concluded that
A) Kennedy was killed on orders from Castro.
B) Lee Harvey Oswald was the assassin and acted alone.
C) the Soviet Union financed the assassination plot.
D) the CIA participated in the plot to kill Kennedy.
E) the assassination was planned by organized crime.

B) Lee Harvey Oswald was the assassin and acted alone.

4. The reform program of Lyndon Johnson became known as the A) Square Deal. B) Fair Deal. C) New Frontier. D) New Federalism. E) Great Society.

E) Great Society.

5. Johnson's domestic program centered upon the issues of A) government efficiency and decreasing the national debt. B) economic strength and reducing the federal bureaucracy. C) social welfare and economic strength. D) social reform and balanced budgets. E) judicial reform and fiscal conservatism.

C) social welfare and economic strength.

6. In 1965, the twenty-year debate over national health care culminated in the passage of Medicare, whose recipients were to be A) welfare clients of all ages. B) children who lived in rural poverty. C) those who had served in the armed services or defense industries during World War II and the Korean War. D) elderly Americans who were poor. E) all elderly Americans regardless of need.

E) all elderly Americans regardless of need.

7. The Office of Economic Opportunity created controversy as it A) was one of the most effective programs of the Great Society. B) sought to involve members of the poor communities through "Community Action." C) fell short of eliminating poverty because of program weaknesses and the lack of participation. D) was never successful in achieving its goals. E) failed to encourage community participation.

B) sought to involve members of the poor communities through "Community Action."

8. As a result of the assault on poverty during the 1960s, A) local governments became supporters of community action. B) poverty levels remained unchanged. C) the level of poverty increased. D) many minority leaders received valuable training and experience. E) the government eliminated De facto segregation.

D) many minority leaders received valuable training and experience.

9. Federal aid to schools provided in the Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965 was A) available only to public schools. B) based upon the economic conditions of the students, not on the needs of the schools. C) equally distributed between public and private schools. D) based on levels of local property taxes. E) proportionally distributed among the states.

B) based upon the economic conditions of the students, not on the needs of the schools

10. The reforms of the Immigration Act of 1965 included a provision requiring that A) the "national origins" system be eliminated. B) immigration must continually decrease on a yearly basis. C) all immigrants must pass an English literacy test. D) immigration be based on a proportion of the number of immigrants from that country already in the U.S. population. E) restrictions be maintained only on immigration from northern and western Europe.

A

11. One of the legacies of the Great Society was high budget deficits that were caused by A) decreased tax revenues and an unfavorable balance of trade. B) rapidly rising government expenditures. C) American dependence upon foreign manufactured and agricultural goods. D) the decreasing rate of economic growth. E) the refusal to implement a tax cut.

B

12. The "sit-in" movement of racial protest in the early 1960s resulted in A) the sending of federal marshals to some Southern restaurants. B) the creation of the Black Panthers. C) the demise of student activist organizations. D) the integration of some public eating facilities. E) more black registered voters.

D

13. "Freedom riders" in the early 1960s aimed at A) the integration of public schools. B) the desegregation of bus stations. C) an end to discrimination in employment. D) the promotion of voting rights for all. E) the injustice of lynchings.

B

14. Prominent officials who resisted efforts to end discrimination against blacks in the South included all of the following men except A) Ross Barnett. B) Eugene Connor. C) Jim Clark. D) George Wallace. E) Medgar Evers.

E

15. Following the racial violence in Alabama and Mississippi in 1962 and 1963, President Kennedy A) resisted making a commitment to reform. B) issued an executive order that ended segregation in the armed forces. C) ordered that public schools be desegregated. D) introduced legislation to end segregation in public accommodations. E) decided to rely on the judicial system to enforce civil rights.

D

16. The high-water mark of peaceful interracial civil rights demonstrations was the A) 1961 "sit-in" in North Carolina. B) Albany Movement of 1962. C) Selma March of 1965. D) August 1963 March on Washington, D.C. E) 1964 Freedom Summer.

D

17. Events of the Freedom Summer included A) an antiwar march of over 100,000 protestors in Washington, D.C. B) Martin Luther King's antisegregation march on Birmingham. C) the brutal murder of three young civil rights activists. D) violent riots in Watts; Detroit; and Newark, New Jersey. E) thousands of young people streaming into the Haight-Ashbury district of San Francisco.

C

18. De facto segregation resulted from A) state and federal laws. B) residential housing patterns. C) judicial decisions. D) presidential orders. E) ineffective immigration laws

B

19. "Affirmative action" is best described as the legal requirement that A) employers abandon practices that deny employment to blacks. B) employers be forced to obey federal and state laws that protect the civil rights of all. C) employers take positive measures to recruit minorities to compensate for past injustices. D) employers establish racial quotas for their workforce. E) employers hire workers who belong to Community Action organizations.

C

20. During the 1960s, major race riots erupted in all of the following cities except A) Harlem. B) Los Angeles. C) Kansas City. D) Detroit. E) Chicago.

C

21. The Commission on Civil Disorders issued a report in 1968 that recommended A) increased law enforcement in the ghettos. B) an end to the war on poverty. C) federal legislation to protect urban dwellers. D) more coercive measures to halt violence. E) massive spending to improve conditions in the ghettos.

E

22. The tenets of the philosophy of "black power" led to all of the following developments except A) the fostering of racial pride. B) the attempt to exclude sympathetic whites from the movement. C) the emergence of the Black Panthers. D) the consolidation of civil rights organizations. E) the increase in young people choosing radical alternatives.

D

23. Black power advocates included all of the following activists except A) Martin Luther King, Jr. B) Huey Newton. C) Bobby Seale. D) Malcolm X. E) Elijah Muhammed

A

24. Kennedy believed that the future struggle against communism would occur mainly in the A) industrialized nations of western Europe. B) wealthy nations of Asia. C) Soviet satellites of eastern Europe. D) developing countries of the Third World. E) trade zones of China and Japan

D

25. President Kennedy's proposals calling for an "Alliance for Progress" reflected his desire to A) promote violent overthrows of communist regimes. B) expand American influence through peaceful means. C) counter Communist aggression through an atomic weapons program. D) use American volunteers to destabilize Latin America. E) train Vietnamese soldiers.

B

26. Success for the 1961 American-aided invasion of Cuba depended on A) an anti-Castro uprising in Cuba. B) the destruction of Russian missile sites. C) support from the United States Navy. D) American Marine's support. E) the cooperation of the British Navy.

A

27. Cuba hosted Soviet technicians and began military construction A) of submarine "pens" for Russian vessels. B) for listening facilities to spy on American communication. C) of runways for Soviet aircraft. D) of nuclear missile launching sites. E) in the Dominican Republic.

D

28. The Cuban Missile Crisis was resolved when A) the United States launched an air attack on Cuba. B) Kennedy accepted Khrushchev's offer to remove the missiles from Cuba in exchange for Kennedy's pledge not to invade the island. C) the Soviet Union agreed to remove the missile bases from Cuba in exchange for an agreement on arms limitation. D) the U.S. Senate refused to sanction the blockade and Kennedy had to remove the "quarantine." E) the United States invaded Cuba with a force of Cuban exiles.

B

29. The First Indochina War resulted from A) the French decision to move back into Vietnam after World War II. B) the British effort to recapture their former colony during the early 1950s. C) the Chinese attempt to seize the area immediately following China's fall to the Communists. D) the American move toward preventing a Communist takeover in the early 1950s. E) the German's refusal to open free trade in Manchuria.

A

30. North Vietnam and South Vietnam differed from one another in that A) the North was a newly settled area, while the South was much older. B) the North was underpopulated, while the South was overpopulated. C) the North was extremely nationalistic, while the South was much less so. D) the North essentially had a factionalized culture, while the South was much more homogeneous. E) the North was highly industrialized, while the South relied on large commercial farming.

C

31. The Viet Cong were A) North Vietnamese guerrillas who attacked South Vietnam. B) North Vietnamese army regulars who attacked South Vietnam. C) South Vietnamese guerrillas who attacked their own government. D) South Vietnamese army regulars who staged a coup against their own government. E) South Vietnamese guerrillas who opposed the Viet Minh.

C

32. Kennedy decided to remove Diem from the presidency of South Vietnam when A) Diem massacred a large number of Viet Cong. B) Diem launched attacks on the country's Buddhists. C) Diem refused to allow American soldiers to engage in combat. D) Diem had his own brother shot for treason. E) Diem announced he would no longer accept American aid.

B

33. Since the fall of Vietnam in 1975, historians have offered all of the following explanations for U.S. involvement there except A) the United States was tying to save Vietnam from the evils of communism. B) the United States was selflessly attempting to save its friends from foreign aggression. C) the United States wanted to preserve its own economic interests by keeping Vietnamese natural resources available to American industries. D) the United States wanted to impose its own political and economic system on the Vietnamese. E) the United States involved as a logical step in its vision of containment.

C

34. The American commitment in Vietnam increased substantially when A) President Eisenhower sent military forces into combat to aid Diem. B) President Johnson asked for and Congress approved the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution. C) President Nixon initiated "Vietnamization." D) President Kennedy sent the Special Forces into Vietnam. E) President Truman ordered an attack of North Vietnam.

B

35. Escalation of the Vietnam War in the 1960s included all of the following steps except A) American soldiers began playing an active combat role. B) American planes began bombing targets in North Vietnam. C) American forces began increasing rapidly in number. D) American officials began governing the country in place of the Vietnamese. E) American generals began ordering more aggressive actions against the Viet Cong.

D

36. One of the primary reasons that the United States could not fully win the Vietnam War was A) the United States employed conventional warfare techniques in an unconventional war. B) American military forces were inexperienced and understaffed. C) Congress would not allocate sufficient funds to finance the war. D) the United States refused to bomb North Vietnam. E) American forces won few of the major battles.

A

37. The United States tried all of the following war strategies in Vietnam except A) attrition. B) pacification. C) detente. D) relocation. E) bombing.

C

38. One of the earliest and most powerful opponents of the Vietnam War was A) J. William Fulbright. B) Robert McNamara. C) McGeorge Bundy. D) Dean Rusk. E) William Westmoreland.

A

39. Public opinion turned radically against the Vietnam War after the A) United States began to bomb North Vietnam. B) Communists captured the capital of South Vietnam. C) American troops invaded North Vietnam. D) Viet Cong launched the 1968 Tet Offensive. E) Diem regime collapsed due to corruption.

D

40. All of the following events took place in 1968 except A) the assassination of Martin Luther King, Jr. B) violence at the Democratic Convention in Chicago. C) the combined attack of the Viet Cong and the Viet Minh in the Tet Offensive. D) the killing of four students at Kent State University. E) the assassination of Robert Kennedy.

D

41. The year 1968 featured A) the final decline in the political career of Richard Nixon. B) a pulling back of the war effort in Vietnam. C) student protests in America and across the globe. D) the "Summer of Love" in the counterculture. E) an end of the draft in the Vietnam War

C

42. The massive racial unrest and rioting that erupted in more than sixty American cities in 1968 occurred as a result of the assassination of A) Robert Kennedy. B) Malcolm X. C) John F. Kennedy. D) Martin Luther King, Jr. E) Medgar Evers.

D

43. All of the following are true about the assassination of Robert Kennedy except A) his death was a shattering experience for many idealistic Americans. B) it came at a time when he, more than John, had come to shape the "Kennedy legacy." C) he was murdered by a Palestinian who was angry with Kennedy's pro-Israeli stance. D) it occurred at a time when Kennedy's momentum in the presidential campaign was faltering. E) it brought sorrow to many blacks, Hispanics, and Native Americans who had come to identify with Kennedy's ideals.

D

44. The violence outside the 1968 Democratic National Convention in Chicago resulted from A) a race riot in the Southside of Chicago. B) demonstrations against the Vietnam War. C) the nomination of George Wallace. D) the acceptance of the Kennedy and McCarthy war planks in the party platform. E) the refusal of Johnson to drop out of the race.

B

45. The presidential campaign of George Wallace promoted A) fewer social welfare programs and a halt to the forced busing of students. B) increased federal aid for social programs and a pullout from the Vietnam War. C) desegregation of public schools and the reform of the criminal justice system. D) an expansion of the Vietnam War and increased federal aid to schools. E) racial equality and a commitment to ending poverty.

A

46. The election of Richard Nixon to the presidency in 1968 indicated that the American people wanted to A) pursue social reform. B) correct the ills of society. C) maintain the status quo. D) restore stability and law and order. E) improve a struggling economy.

D

47. John F. Kennedy defeated Richard M. Nixon in the 1960 election by a margin of A) just under 10%. B) over 1%. C) over 3%. D) less than one-third of 1%. E) 1%.

D

1. The election of Richard Nixon in 1968 was aided by A) Nixon's popular appeal and charismatic personality. B) Nixon's image of dedication to traditional values. C) the public's desire for an escape from conservative government policies. D) the support of the New Left and the liberal electorate. E) the resurgence of the New Deal coalition.

B

2. The social and cultural protest of the 1960s and 1970s stemmed from groups that sought to change American society by all of the following means except A) destroying the corrupt elite and returning power to the people. B) abandoning middle-class values and attaining individual liberation. C) overthrowing the present government and establishing a complete democracy. D) demanding racial and economic justice and wiping out all forms of discrimination. E) escaping from what they called the modern "technocracy."

C

3. The people who became the New Left in the 1960s received much of their inspiration from earlier experiences in the A) Weathermen. B) Socialist Party. C) Civil Rights movement. D) National Organization for Women. E) Black Panthers.

C

4. The New Left expressed its radicalism in all of the following ways except A) disruptions on college and university campuses. B) political demonstrations opposing the Vietnam War. C) public condemnation of the "Weathermen." D) rallies that included draft card burnings. E) moves to keep the ROTC off campuses.

C

5. The strength of the New Left was indicated by A) the conversion of the antiwar movement into a national crusade. B) the large numbers of the population who supported its radical tactics. C) the impact of the Weathermen upon the American public. D) the election of New Left candidates. E) the decline of conservative politics in the South.

A

6. The philosophy of the counterculture is best expressed by the statement that A) adherence to conventional values is the road to personal fulfillment. B) life must be in tune with nature and dedicated to the free expression of the self. C) the first responsibility of the individual is to society. D) destruction and violence are the only proper reactions of youth. E) politics must be the first priority of a changing society.

B

7. By the early 1970s, rock music and television began to abandon traditional values and to deal more often with all of the following themes except A) romantic love. B) social conflict. C) drugs. D) rebelliousness. E) anger.

A

8. In the late 1960s, the least prosperous, least healthy, and least stable minority group in American society was the A) Hispanic Americans. B) African-Americans. C) Native Americans (Indians). D) Asian Americans. E) European Americans.

C

9. Under the policy of "termination," the federal government changed its approach to Native Americans by A) withdrawing all recognition of tribes as legal entities. B) forcing individual Native Americans to adapt themselves to the white world. C) taking reservation lands from individual owners and making them the communal property of the tribes. D) placing the reservations under the jurisdiction of the National Congress of American Indians (NCAI). E) encouraging a return to tribal control of communal land.

A

10. "The Declaration of Indian Purpose" of 1961 stressed the objective of A) returning Indian lands to the tribes that had lost them. B) persuading the federal government to honor its long-forgotten treaty obligations. C) establishing the American Indian Movement. D) pursuing guerrilla actions against corporate expansion on tribal lands. E) winning the right for American Indians to choose their own way of life.

E

11. In the 1985 case of County of Oneida v. Oneida Indian Nation the Supreme Court's decision raised the possibility that A) Native Americans might reclaim land lost when the federal government violated old treaties. B) social discrimination against Native Americans might be outlawed by Congress. C) Native Americans might gain full civil rights under the Constitution. D) tribal laws might gain full legal sanction within reservations. E) Native Americans did not have the constitutional right to vote.

A

12. The largest Mexican-American barrio in the United States is in A) New York City. B) Chicago. C) Detroit. D) San Francisco. E) Los Angeles.

E

13. Cesar Chavez, leader of the United Farm Workers (UFW), obtained a victory for itinerant workers when A) many Florida orange growers awarded the UFW a wage increase. B) some California grape growers signed a contract with the UFW. C) he launched a successful protest march in Washington, D.C. D) he obtained passage of a California state law for bilingual education in the public schools. E) the Florida legislature banned the use of non-union farm laborers.

B

14. Bilingualism A) promoted schooling of non-English speaking students in their own language. B) was rejected by the Supreme Court in 1974. C) was embraced by all Hispanics. D) seemed to make it easier to assimilate into mainstream culture most believed. E) increased employment in the professions.

A

15. In rejecting the concept of the "melting pot," many minority groups began to argue for all of the following ideas except A) a "culturally pluralist" society. B) affirmative action programs. C) ethnic studies programs. D) minority assimilation. E) a renewed emphasis on cultural identity.

D

16. The "Stonewall Riot" in New York City in 1969 was significant because it marked the beginning of A) the National Organization for Women (NOW). B) a movement for the Equal Rights Amendment. C) a movement for civil rights for prisoners. D) the gay liberation movement. E) a new violent phase of the Civil Rights movement for blacks.

D

17. In her book The Feminine Mystique, Betty Friedan argued for the idea that A) women who lived the "ideal life" of the suburban housewife were often not fulfilled individuals. B) women who banded together could overcome a male-dominated society. C) the happiest women were those who led fulfilled lives in purely domestic roles. D) equality in the workplace could best be achieved via passive feminism. E) the women's political movement was unnecessary.

A

18. Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 was significant to the women's movement because it A) barred the practice of paying women less than men for equal work. B) struck down all laws prohibiting abortion during the "first trimester." C) inspired grassroots organizations that aided women in their search for equality. D) provided federal legislation that was used to attack sexual discrimination. E) declared that women must receive equal pay on the job.

D

19. In its early years, the National Organization for Women (NOW) directed its efforts mainly toward assisting A) women in the workplace. B) battered women. C) women in the military. D) suburban women with no outlet for their creative energies. E) younger, more affluent women.

A

20. During the 1970s and 1980s, the status of women improved in all of the following ways except A) Women began to compete effectively for elective and appointive political offices. B) Women attained considerable new success in academic fields. C) Women achieved the economic position of equal pay for equal work. D) Women gained acceptance in some previously all-male fields. E) Women competed in sports previously thought to be in the male domain.

C

21. Although Congress approved the Equal Rights Amendment in 1972, the amendment finally died because A) the Democratic party reversed its support. B) women displayed an increasing indifference to equal rights. C) Congress failed to pass the measure by the required two-thirds majority. D) NOW withdrew its support for legislation it felt was not comprehensive. E) the time for ratification by the states expired.

E

22. The Supreme Court decision in the 1973 case of Roe v. Wade stated that A) under the constitutionally guaranteed "right to privacy," all state laws prohibiting abortion during the "first trimester" of pregnancy were invalid. B) the states had no jurisdiction concerning privacy matters. C) the civil liberties of the unborn were federally protected by the First Amendment. D) issues concerning the "first trimester" of pregnancy came under the jurisdiction of the states. E) the states had the right to determine if abortion would be legal in their state.

A

23. The "new science" of ecology that emerged after World War II emphasized A) preserving nature for the sole reason that it was beautiful. B) genetic engineering as a way of avoiding congenital diseases. C) the importance of the interrelatedness of the world's environment. D) the possibility of cloning body parts for transplants. E) participatory democracy was the only way to achieve environmental protection.

C

24. By the 1960s, the major force behind the environmental movement was A) activists within the Republican party. B) the poor condition of the environment itself. C) President Johnson's aggressive war on industrial polluters. D) the cooperation of big business in passing meaningful protection laws. E) isolationists who believed we needed to focus on matters at home.

B

25. During the 1968 election campaign, Richard Nixon referred to the Vietnam War with the dramatic phrase of A) "death before dishonor." B) "peace with honor." C) "no substitute for victory." D) "peace in our time." E) "guns and glory."

B

26. When Richard Nixon became president in 1969, he was committed to all of the following objectives except A) achieving international stability. B) ending the Vietnam War. C) restoring order in America. D) maintaining American credibility. E) settling the abortion issue.

E

27. In an effort to bring an end to the controversy over the Vietnam War, Richard Nixon's first moves were to authorize changing U.S. policy by A) creating the draft lottery and gradually withdrawing U.S. troops from Vietnam. B) bombing North Vietnamese harbors and negotiating with the North Vietnamese. C) bombing the Cambodian staging areas and the Ho Chi Minh Trail. D) immediately withdrawing U.S. troops from Vietnam and signing a ceasefire agreement with the North Vietnamese. E) firing William Westmoreland as commander in charge of operations.

A

28. Four students were killed at Kent State University during a protest of A) the treatment of civil rights workers in Alabama. B) the American bombing of Laos and Cambodia. C) the death of Martin Luther King, Jr. D) the draft policies of the American government. E) the plundering of the environment by major industries.

B

29. The most intense antiwar activity and the repeal of the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution occurred as a result of the A) release of the Pentagon Papers. B) Cambodian invasion of 1970. C) "Christmas bombing" of 1972. D) Vietnamization policy. E) Tet offensive.

B

30. In the early 1970s, a majority of Americans became increasingly concerned about the course of the Vietnam War for all of the following reasons except A) The publication of the Pentagon Papers showed that the government had frequently lied to them about the war. B) Morale and discipline among U.S. troops in Vietnam were rapidly deteriorating. C) The rate at which American soldiers were being killed each week was continuing to increase. D) Tthe U.S. government was using illegal methods to discredit antiwar groups in America. E) Incidents such as the My Lai massacre showed the difficulties of the war.

C

31. Nixon's approach to U.S. policy in Vietnam finally resulted in a negotiated settlement (the Paris accords), which provided for A) a reunified Vietnam. B) the release of several hundred American prisoners of war. C) the withdrawal of North Vietnamese troops from the South. D) removal of Chinese Communist troops from North Vietnam. E) an end of any battles against the Viet Cong.

B

32. During the two years following the American pullout of troops from South Vietnam, the North Vietnamese A) withdrew from South Vietnam and redirected their troops into Cambodia. B) established a democratic form of government in a reunited Vietnam. C) occupied the South and established a united Vietnam under the control of Hanoi. D) aided the Khmer Rouge in gaining control of Cambodia. E) decided that reunification was an unrealistic goal.

C

33. Nixon's efforts to establish a new relationship with China were a result of his belief that Communist China A) must be strengthened to counteract the power of the Soviet Union. B) would ally itself with the Soviet Union if the United States did not prevent it. C) must be reunited with the Chinese of Taiwan. D) would pull out of North Vietnam if allied with the United States. E) would reject communism before the end of the decade.

A

34. During the late 1960s and early 1970s, the Nixon administration took all of the following actions toward the Communist government of China except A) sending a secret mission to Beijing to carry on discussions. B) having the president personally visit China. C) nurturing friendship with China to make the Soviet Union uneasy. D) assisting China in joining the United Nations. E) establishing formal diplomatic relations with China.

E

35. As a result of the SALT I talks of 1972, the United States and the Soviet Union agreed that they would A) not create any new nuclear weapons systems. B) destroy some of their nuclear weapons. C) take no action regarding arms limitation. D) freeze their total number of ICBMs at current levels. E) cease building all nuclear weapons.

D

36. The Nixon-Kissinger policy toward the Third World, as expressed in the Nixon Doctrine, signified that A) Third World countries would receive substantial financial support from the United States. B) U.S. interests in the Third World had declined. C) the United States would attempt to establish stronger political alliances with Third World countries. D) the United States would support leftwing governments in Third World countries. E) the Nixon administration would extend such programs as the Peace Corps.

B

37. The Yom Kippur War of 1973 altered America's relationship with the countries of the Middle East. One lesson the United States learned was that A) U.S. support for Israel would improve relations with Egypt. B) in the future, the United States would have to consider the interests of the Arab nations as well as those of Israel. C) Third World nations would now be more cooperative with the United States. D) support for Egypt might jeopardize future oil shipments to the United States. E) the Israeli military would find it difficult to defeat Egypt.

B

38. American actions in the settlement of the Yom Kippur War of 1973 resulted in A) censure of the United States by the United Nations. B) the withdrawal of Israeli troops from Jordan. C) an oil embargo against the United States by the Arab nations. D) the closing of the Suez Canal. E) an Israeli attack of Syria.

C

39. The Jewish state of Israel is surrounded by all of the following territories or countries except A) Egypt. B) Jordan. C) Iraq. D) Syria. E) Palestine.

C

40. In attempting to address the needs of the "silent majority," Nixon A) provided strong support for the nation's welfare system. B) vetoed the proposed Family Assistance Plan (FAP). C) ordered the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare to cut off funds to schools that had not complied with Court orders to desegregate. D) dismantled many of the social programs created during the Kennedy and Johnson years. E) urged a return to the philosophy of the New Deal.

D

41. In the 1962 case of Baker v Carr, the Supreme Court ruled that A) state governments must give rural voters more representation. B) state governments must give urban voters a more equal share in choosing elected officials. C) the voting age must be lowered to eighteen to give young people their proper voting rights. D) the poll tax was unconstitutional and must not be used to restrict voting in the South. E) state governments could no longer declare abortion illegal.

B

42. When Chief Justice Burger succeeded Chief Justice Warren, the attitudes of the Supreme Court changed. The best summary of that change is that the Court A) remained committed to social reform but followed a moderate path concerning many other issues. B) overturned many decisions concerning social reform but staunchly defended civil liberties. C) became more conservative regarding decisions concerning big business and more liberal in its interpretation of the Fourteenth Amendment. D) overturned many decisions concerning the civil rights of criminal defendants and greatly increased the power of law enforcement agencies. E) began to overturn the landmark civil rights decisions of the 1960s.\`

A

43. Nixon's reelection in 1972 was aided by all of the following except A) his defense of traditional values. B) the liberal politics of George McGovern. C) a divisive split in the Democratic party. D) the tremendous campaign funds acquired and dispensed by his re-election committee. E) his refusal to use the office of the presidency for his own personal advantage.

E

44. In 1973, for the first time since World War II, the United States faced A) increasing competition from OPEC countries in oil sales. B) declining gasoline prices. C) an insufficient fuel supply. D) decreasing dependence on oil imports from the Middle East and Africa. E) its first recession.

C

45. The most significant cause of the soaring inflation of the 1970s was A) America's decreasing supplies of coal and iron. B) a large increase in the price of oil. C) the monetary policies of the Federal Reserve. D) the fiscal policies of the Republican administration. E) Nixon's reduction in defense spending.

B

46. In the late 1960s, American manufacturers, particularly those in steel and automobiles, began to face additional competition from A) Western Europe and Japan. B) Japan and Eastern Europe. C) Eastern Europe and Latin America. D) Latin America and Western Europe. E) Africa and Western Europe.

A

47. Nixon's policies for curbing inflation included all of the following except A) wage and price controls. B) devaluation of the dollar. C) a sharp rise in interest rates. D) a significant increase in U.S. oil production. E) a decrease in government spending.

D

48. During the Nixon administration, the United States suffered from all of the following economic problems except A) high inflation. B) high unemployment. C) economic stagnation. D) excessive GNP growth rates. E) trade deficits.

D

49. By the time Nixon became president, the power structure of the federal government had changed, so that the A) federal bureaucracy had become swollen and unresponsive to the president. B) president had lost the power to veto legislation. C) Supreme Court had become excessively powerful and unresponsive to the needs of the president. D) White House staff had decreased both in number and influence. E) legislative branch was incapable of enforcing political ethics.

A

50. Of Nixon's close friends and advisers, the one who first voiced allegations that Nixon was directly involved with the Watergate break-in was A) John Ehrlichman. B) H. R. Haldeman. C) John Dean. D) John Mitchell. E) G. Gordon Liddy.

C

51. Howard Baker's question "What did the president know and when did he know it?" was in direct reference to the presidents role in the A) bombing of Cambodia. B) Watergate cover-up. C) "Saturday Night Massacre." D) suppression of the Pentagon Papers. E) Paris peace talks.

B

52. The evidence in the Watergate case, based on testimony and on the White House tapes, included that Nixon A) was innocent of any wrongdoing. B) was involved in the case but was not proven guilty of any crime. C) was guilty of some minor crimes but not enough to justify his removal from office. D) was guilty of a major crime: obstructing justice by covering up evidence of the crimes of others. E) was the one who originally ordered the break-in.

D

53. As the Watergate investigations moved forward, Vice President Spiro T. Agnew A) began publicly to criticize President Nixon. B) resigned his office to become a Supreme Court justice. C) resigned from office after pleading no contest to income tax evasion. D) was assassinated by a frustrated Democrat. E) died from a heart attack and was replaced by Gerald Ford.

C