11.1-11.4

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34 Terms

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Blood Functions

Blood serves five major functions including transporting dissolved gases, nutrients, hormones, and metabolic wastes; regulating the pH and ion composition of interstitial fluids; restricting fluid losses at injury sites; defending against toxins and pathogens; and stabilizing body temperature.

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Composition of Whole Blood

Whole blood consists of plasma and formed elements, which include blood cells and cell fragments.

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Venipuncture

Venipuncture is a common technique for obtaining a blood sample due to the ease of locating superficial veins, thinner vein walls compared to arteries, and relatively low blood pressure in the venous system.

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Plasma Proteins

Plasma contains three major types of proteins - albumins, globulins, and fibrinogen, which make up more than 99% of the plasma proteins.

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Red Blood Cells (RBCs)

Red blood cells, formed by erythropoiesis, are the most abundant blood cells, containing hemoglobin that binds and transports oxygen and carbon dioxide.

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Plasma Proteins

Proteins in solution in the bloodstream, synthesized mainly by the liver, including albumins, globulins, fibrinogen, and prohormones.

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Albumins

Constitute about 60% of plasma proteins, major contributors to the osmotic pressure of plasma.

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Globulins

Account for approximately 35% of plasma proteins, including antibodies and transport globulins.

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Fibrinogen

Functions in clotting, forming insoluble strands of fibrin for blood clotting.

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Organic Nutrients

Include lipids, carbohydrates, amino acids, and vitamins, used for ATP production and cell maintenance.

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Electrolytes

Essential for vital cellular activities, major plasma electrolytes include Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+, Cr, HCO3, HPO4, and SO42-.

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Organic Wastes

Include urea, uric acid, creatinine, bilirubin, and ammonium ions, carried for breakdown or excretion.

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Platelets

Small cell fragments important for clotting, containing enzymes and substances for clot formation.

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White Blood Cells

Leukocytes participating in the body's defense mechanisms, including neutrophils, basophils, lymphocytes, eosinophils, and monocytes.

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Red Blood Cells

Erythrocytes, the most abundant blood cells, essential for oxygen transport in the blood.

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Jaundice

A condition characterized by yellow skin and eyes due to an accumulation of bilirubin in the body.

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Urobilins and stercobilins

Pigment molecules derived from bilirubin that contribute to the yellow color of urine and the brown color of feces.

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Transferrin

A plasma transport protein that binds to iron in the bloodstream for delivery to developing red blood cells in the bone marrow.

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Erythropoiesis

The process of red blood cell formation that occurs in the red bone marrow.

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Hemoglobin

The protein inside red blood cells responsible for transporting oxygen from the lungs to tissues and carbon dioxide from tissues to the lungs.

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Erythropoietin (EPO)

A hormone that stimulates red blood cell production in response to low oxygen levels in tissues.

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Blood types

Determined by the presence or absence of specific surface antigens (A, B, Rh) on red blood cells, leading to classification into types A, B, AB, or O.

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Rh factor

Refers to the presence or absence of the Rh antigen on the surface of red blood cells, influencing blood type categorization as Rh positive or Rh negative.

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Antigens

Substances, often proteins, that can trigger an immune response; RBCs contain surface antigens that determine blood type.

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Agglutinogens

Surface antigens on RBCs that are ignored by the immune system of the individual.

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Agglutinins

Antibodies present in plasma that attack surface antigens on RBCs of a different blood type.

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Cross-reaction

Interaction between antibodies in the recipient's plasma and antigens on donated RBCs, leading to agglutination and potential hemolysis.

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Agglutination

The clumping together of foreign RBCs due to the binding of antigens and antibodies.

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Hemolysis

The breakdown of RBCs, often occurring after agglutination, leading to the release of clumps and fragments that can block small vessels.

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Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn

A potentially fatal condition where maternal antibodies attack and destroy fetal RBCs, often due to Rh incompatibility.

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Blood Compatibility Testing

Involves determining blood type and conducting a cross-match test to ensure compatibility between donor and recipient blood.

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Universal Donors

Type O individuals, especially O-, who can safely donate blood to recipients of any blood type due to the lack of A and B surface antigens.

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Universal Recipients

Type AB individuals who can receive blood from any blood type due to the absence of anti-A or anti-B antibodies.

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Cross-match Testing

Exposing the donor's RBCs to the recipient's plasma to check for significant cross-reactions involving other antigens and antibodies.