organelles and karyotypes

karyogram

karyogram

diagram or photograph of all the chromosomes present in a cell arranged in decreasing length and pairs

karyogram use

diagnose conditions and determine sex

homologous chromosomes

homologous pairs have the same genes at the same locations. same centromere position, banding pattern and size

allosome

carry genes coding foe sex determination

karyotype

characteristics of that cells chromosomes:

• centromere position

• banding pattern

• size

haploid

cells with only one copy of each chromosome

polyploidy

cells with more than 2 copies of each chromosome

diploid

cells with two copies of each chromosome

sex chromosomes

x or y which determine the biological sex of an organism

autosome

carry genes coding for body functions/characteristics (unrelated to determination of sex)

phospholipids

• lipid consisting of hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tail

• males plasma membrane (phospholipid bilayer)

vesicles

• small membrane bound sacs that are involved in the transportation of substances within the cell

• can merge with plasma membrane to let stuff in and out of cell

cell wall

• non-living carbohydrate-based barrier outside of plasma membrane

• strength and support for cell

• cellulose substance made of sugars is common in cell walls

• chitin found in cell wall of fungi

mitochondria

• double membrane which creates two spaces

• own dna and ribosomes

• cellular respiration - makes energy for the cell to use

cilia

hair like projections from plasma membrane used for locomotion in eukaryotic cells

pilli

extensions of prokaryotic cell surface used for adhesion and gene transfer

cytoplasm

• jelly like substance

• contains nutrients and enzymes necessary for cell function

chloroplasts

• double membrane with own dna and ribosomes

• discs called thylakoids containg chlorophyll which absorbs sunlight

• site of photosynthesis

vacuoles

• liquid filled spaces that store enzymes and other molecules

endoplasmic reticulum

• rough er has ribosomes attached, smooth doesnt

• network of interconnected tubules connected to nucleus

• rough er involved in transport and modification of proteins

lysosomes

• membrane bound, contain digestive enzymes

• digest waste, toxins and foreign material

nucleus

• membrane bound containing dna

• hold and protect genetic material

• nucleolus inside and site of ribosome production

• pores for rna to pass

ribosomes

• tiny made of protein and rRNA

• synthesise proteins (translation)

• eukaryotic: 80S prokaryotic: 70S

plasma membrane

phospholipid bilayer controlling movement of substances in and out of cells

golgi apparatus

• unconnected stacks of membrane-bound tubules

• process, package and modify proteins