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circular argument
conclusion is identical to premise
EX: I’m a teacher @ GHS because I’m a teacher @ GHS.
begging the question
one would have to accept the conclusion in order to accept one of the argument’s premises
an appeal to authority
claiming that because an authority thinks something is the case, then it must therefore be the case
genetic fallacy
judging a claim or argument as either good or bad on the basis of where it comes from, or from whom it came
the black-or-white fallacy
considering 2 alternative states as the only possibilities, when in fact more possibilities exist
the middle ground fallacy
presuming that a compromise between two extremes must be the truth
anecdotal fallacy
deciding upon a position based on a personal experience or an isolated example
appeal to nature
presuming that because something is “natural” it is therefore justified, inevitably, good or ideal
ad hominem
attacking your interlocutor’s character or personal traits in an attempt to undermine their argument
the strawman fallacy
to interpret someone’s position in an unfairly weak way, and so argue against a position that nobody holds, or is likely to hold
argument
a set of sentences such that one sentence (the conclusion) follows necessarily from the other sentences (the premise)
premise
a statement regarding what is the case (taken as a fact)
syllogism
particular form of a deductive argument with three components: major premise, minor premise, conclusion
enthymeme
an argument with a suppressed premise
deductive argument
conclusion is no broader than its premises; non-ampliative, the conclusion is contained within the content of the premises
inductive argument
they have a conclusion that is broader than its premises; ampliative
ampliative
difference between an inductive and deductive argument; deductive is not, inductive is
valid argument
conclusion follows from premises; form over content
well-grounded argument
based on only accurate premises; accurate premises regardless of the form of the argument
sound argument
valid and well-grounded
logical fallacy
identifiable category of argument where the argument does not lead to its conclusion