plates of the lithosphere are moved around by underlying mantle convection cells, areas where there are convection currents within the molten rock of the mantle
plates of the lithosphere are moved around by underlying mantle convection cells, areas where there are convection currents within the molten rock of the mantle
hot material heated further deeper in the mantle moves upwards due to being less dense, while cooler material at the top of the mantle sinks downwards due to having a higher density. as a result, this forms a current. the once cool material heats up and moves upwards, while the hotter material cools down and sinks down again.
a fault - a fracture/break or series of breaks within the earths crust
stress - a force that acts on a material
strain - the change that the material undergoes under the stress
foot wall - a slope you would put your feet on
hanging wall - a slope that you would hang from
there are different types of faults, that are determined depending on the type of stress applied to it
stress types:
types of faults:
the type of fault not only relies on stress, but how the hanging and foot walls move relative to each other
normal fault - occurs at divergent plate boundaries, occurs under tensional stress
reverse fault
occurs at convergent boundaries
occurs under compressional stress
transform fault / strike slip fault
occurs at transform plate boundaries
occurs under shear stress
folds occur under compressional stress, when stress is applied to both ends of a section of a rock or rock layers
some rocks might break, but a fold occurs when the rocks bend
anticline - fold in the shape of an ‘n’
syncline - fold in the shape of a ‘u’
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seafloor spreading occurs commonly at mid-ocean ridges, when two plates move away from each other (divergent plate boundary) causing volcanic activity in which new rock is formed from magma flowing out from the ridge
volcanism and earthquakes are mainly focused at plate boundaries as that is where most tectonic activities occur
volcanoes can be formed in multiple ways:
earthquakes also mainly occur at plate boundaries
this is because of applied stress, the plates may push against each other (for example, transform plate boundaries)
this causes earthquakes as the energy is released from the stress, and even more so it the plates were under tension/pressure for a long time
constructive plate boundaries - divergent plate boundaries
destructive plate boundaries - convergent plate boundaries
What are the different types of plate boundaries?
Essentially, where there are all of the plate boundaries, there are volcanoes and earthquakes because that is where tectonic processes occur.