Earth and Space Science

Recrystallisation

________- a metamorphic process that involves the altering of a rock on an atomic level, where the crystal structure changes.

Burial

________- pressure formed by many layers of rock pushing down causing the rock to recrystallise.

Volcanism

________ and earthquakes are mainly focused at plate boundaries as that is where most tectonic activities occur.

Erosion

________- the natural processes such as water or wind that remove soil, rock, or dissolved material from one location on the Earths crust and then transports it to another location where it is deposited.

Creepmeter

________- measures the movement of fault lines to determine if slow movement is taking place, which could potentially lead to earthquakes.

Gps

________ positioning- measure the distance travelled by a station or location that can help determine the size of the earthquake.

solid material

Crystal- a(n) ________ whose constituents are arranged in a highly ordered microscopic structure, forming a crystal lattice that extends in all directions.

Clastic

________- form from naturally weathered sediments, and bound by natural cements (for example, calcite, silica, gypsum.

Shock

________- occurs under sudden force, pressure or heat, such as with a meteorite strike.

Anticline

________- fold in the shape of an ‘ n.

Seismographs

________- detect seismic /shock waves underneath the ground and can predict when an earthquake is approaching.

Australia

________ has a lot of volcanoes, but none of them have erupted for the past 5000 years.

Physical

________ weathering- weathering during which the chemical composition of the rocks isnt altered.

Randon gas

________ and other fumes are measured within the atmosphere and if detected in large amounts, it could suggest an earthquake approaching.

Seafloor

________- occurs due to high temperatures at mid- ocean ridges.

Syncline

________- fold in the shape of a ‘ u.

natural processes

Biological weathering- weathering influenced or caused by ________ such as plants, animals, bacteria or fungi.

dead animal

Organic- formed from ________ or plant matter.

Continental

________ shores- the shores of the continents all fit together as if they are a puzzle, further proving that they continents were together at some point.

Plutonic intrusive

________- formed under ground.

Strain

________- the change that the material undergoes under the stress.

Plates

________ of the lithosphere are moved around by underlying mantle convection cells, areas where there are convection currents within the molten rock of the mantle.

sandstone

Limestone, ________ and shale- sedimentary.

tectonic plates

Lithosphere- the solid part of the crust and upper part of the mantle, what ________ are made up of.

Minerals

________ can become foliated, or squashed into long strips.

lithosphere

The ________ and tectonic plates remain above the asthenosphere and float on it.

Epoch

________- millions of years to thousands of years.

Scientists

________ use the terms late, middle and upper to define the amount of time and part of a period or other unit of time.

earths crust

The ________ is divided into 12 major plates.

Sedimentary rocks

________ are formed via the processes of weathering and erosion.

Hot spot volcanoes

________- the movement of plate tectonics over hotspots can be seen in the shape of the mountain and volcano ranges.

Volcanic rocks

________ have smaller crystals within them as they have less time to form as the magma cools down.

Folds

________ occur under compressional stress, when stress is applied to both ends of a section of a rock or rock layers.

Chemical

________ weathering- the chemical composition is altered as the rock is broken down.

Igneous rocks

________ are formed as magma solidifies- therefore, they are solidified moletn material.

Plates

________ of the lithosphere are moved around by underlying mantle convection cells, areas where there are convection currents within the molten rock of the mantle.

Contact metamorphism

________- occurs in localised areas, often around plutonic igneous rocks.

solid mass

Rock- any ________ that is naturally occurring or aggregate of minerals or mineraloid matter.

natural rock

Ore- a(n) ________ or sediment that contains one or more valuable minerals.

Foot wall

________- a slope you would put your feet on.

fracture break

A fault- a(n) ________ or series of breaks within the earths crust.

Reverse fault

________- caused by compression.

Transform fault

________- caused by shear stress.

sedimentation of sediments

Rocks formed by the compaction and ________.

Seafloor

________ spreading occurs commonly at mid- ocean ridges, when two plates move away from each other (divergent plate boundary) causing volcanic activity in which new rock is formed from magma flowing out from the ridge.

crust

consists of oceanic and continental crust

oceanic crust

6-10 km deep, average of 7, denser than continental crust, this causes it to subduct at collision areas 3 grams per cubic centimeter, younger/newer crust

varies from 1000 to 3000 degrees celsius depending on where it is, made up of solid rock

is solid, density is 4.5 grams per cubic centimeter

inner core

hot, dense ball of mostly iron at the centre of the earth, 1200 km radius, has such a large amount of pressure acting on it that it is solid, 5200 degrees celcius, 9.9 -12.2 g/cm3

asthenosphere

part of the earth that is below the lithosphere, it is much hotter and much more fluid

lithosphere

the solid part of the crust and upper part of the mantle, what tectonic plates are made up of

tectonic

the deformation of the crust as a consequence of plate interaction

a fault

a fracture/break or series of breaks within the earths crust

stress

a force that acts on a material

strain

the change that the material undergoes under the stress

foot wall

a slope you would put your feet on

hanging wall

a slope that you would hang from

compressional

push

tensional

pull

shear

slide past each other

normal fault

caused by tension

reverse fault

caused by compression

transform fault

caused by shear stress

normal fault

occurs at divergent plate boundaries, occurs under tensional stress

anticline

fold in the shape of an ‘n

syncline

fold in the shape of a ‘u

subduction

subducting slab will melt into magma once it is pushed deep enough, and then be erupted once again at the surface

rifting

when two plates move apart magma rises (sea floor spreading) and causes volcanic eruptions at the surface

constructive plate boundaries

divergent plate boundaries

destructive plate boundaries

convergent plate boundaries

convergent plate boundaries

two plates are pushing together

divergent plate boundaries

plates are pulling apart

transform plate boundaries

plates slide against each other

fossils

fossils of the same species are found on different continents

continental shores

the shores of the continents all fit together as if they are a puzzle, further proving that they continents were together at some point

hot spot volcanoes

the movement of plate tectonics over hotspots can be seen in the shape of the mountain and volcano ranges

seismographs

detect seismic/shock waves underneath the ground and can predict when an earthquake is approaching

creepmeter

measures the movement of fault lines to determine if slow movement is taking place, which could potentially lead to earthquakes

gps positioning

measure the distance travelled by a station or location that can help determine the size of the earthquake

rock

any solid mass that is naturally occurring or aggregate of minerals or mineraloid matter

mineral

a solid chemical compound with a fairly well-defined chemical composition and a specific crystal structure that occurs naturally in a pure form

ore

a natural rock or sediment that contains one or more valuable minerals

crystal

a solid material whose constituents are arranged in a highly ordered microscopic structure, forming a crystal lattice that extends in all directions

if above ground

volcanic/extrusive, and has smaller crystals

if underground

plutonic/intrusive, and has large crystals

igneous rocks are formed as magma solidifies

therefore, they are solidified moletn material

volcanic / extrusive

formed above ground

plutonic / intrusive

formed under ground

recrystallisation

a metamorphic process that involves the altering of a rock on an atomic level, where the crystal structure changes

weathering

the break down of rocks into smaller materials

physical weathering

weathering during which the chemical composition of the rocks isnt altered

biological weathering

weathering influenced or caused by natural processes such as plants, animals, bacteria or fungi

chemical weathering

the chemical composition is altered as the rock is broken down

erosion

the natural processes such as water or wind that remove soil, rock, or dissolved material from one location on the Earths crust and then transports it to another location where it is deposited

clastic

form from naturally weathered sediments, and bound by natural cements (for example, calcite, silica, gypsum

chemical

formed when dissolved chemicals within water crystallise and form rock

organic

formed from dead animal or plant matter

regional metamorphism

occurs over a wide area, often due to tectonic plate boundaries

contact metamorphism

occurs in localised areas, often around plutonic igneous rocks

burial

pressure formed by many layers of rock pushing down causing the rock to recrystallise