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necessary cause
condition that must be present for effect to follow
sufficient cause
condition guarantees effect in question
induction
generalization from specific observation
deduction
derivation of hypotheses and theory
ontology
study of being (what things are)
epistemology
science of knowing (the way we know things)
methodology
science of finding out
qualitative research
relies on data obtained by researcher from first-hand observation
quantitative research
relies on numerical data and measuring figures
descriptive analysis
shows one variable, done for describing state of social affairs. careful empirical descriptions.
explanative analysis
compares relationship between two variables
population
entire group you want to draw conclusions about (U.S. college students)
sample
specific group you collect data from (college students from U.H.)
exploratory analysis
provides reasons for phenomena in form of causal relationship
variable
logical grouping of attributes (upper level)
theory
systematic explanation for observations that relate to particular aspect of life
concepts
abstract elements representing classes of phenomena within field of study
correlation
similarity
relationship
cause and effect
spurious correlation
similar but no causal relationship (high correlation, no causal)
conceptualization
mental process whereby fuzzy and imprecise notions (concepts) are made more specific and precise
operalization
specifies how a variable or concept will be measured in a study
nominal
exhaustive, mutually exclusive (gender, race)
ordinal
ordered categories, ranked. (satisfaction lvl, movie ratings)
interval
numerical scale with equal distance (temperature, SAT score)
ratio
absolute zero (mph, population)
Note
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