Exam 5(Lec 19-23) Multiple Choice

Define mediastinum

space

What is the function of the atria?

• receiving/collecting chamber for incoming venous blood

What is the foramen ovale? What is its function?

• Prenatal connection between the atria

• Function: allows blood to bypass the lungs

What is the function of the ventricles?

Pumping chambers for outgoing arterial blood

What vessels carry blood into the right atrium? Where are they bringing blood from?

Inferior Vena Cava

• Receives blood from the lower extremities & abdomen

Superior Vena Cava

• Receives blood from the heart & upper extremities

Coronary Sinus

• Collects blood from the coronary veins

• Deoxygenated blood from the myocardium

What is the ductus arteriosus?

Allows for bypass of lungs

What is the function of the pulmonary arteries? Pulmonary veins? What are they an exception to the typical oxygenation rules for arteries and veins?

Pulmonary Arteries

• Carries deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle towards the lungs

• Carry oxygenated blood away from the heart, exception: pulmonary artery

Pulmonary veins

• Carry deoxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium

• Carry deoxygenated blood toward the heart, exception: pulmonary veins

What is the structure of capillaries? Their histology? Their function?

• Consist of one cell layer→ tunica interna

• Histology: simple squamous epithelium(endothelium)

• Function: permit diffusion of O2/CO2, nutrients, & waste to/from adjacent tissue cells

For precapillary sphincters, states: their histology, what causes them to open, what causes them to close.

• Histology: smooth muscle tissue

• Open when CO2 levels increase

• Close when CO2 levels decrease or from sympathetic stimulation

What is pulmonary circulation of the body? What vessels and organs are involved?

• Circuit through the lungs

• Pulmonary trunk/arteries, capillary network, pulmonary veins

What is systemic circulation of the body? What vessels are organs are involved (just include those closer to the heart)

• Delivers oxygen/nutrients throughout the body to all organs

• Returns CO2 (and other waste products) to the heart and lungs

• Aorta, superior vena cava, inferior vena cava, coronary sinus

What is blood comprised on?

Plasma and formed elements

What are the functions of blood?

• O2/CO2 transport and exchange

• Nutrient & waste transport

• Hormone transport

• Coagulation

• Thermoregulation

• Antibody circulation

What are the types of blood cells (know technical names)

• Red blood cells(Erythrocytes)

• White blood cells(Leukocytes)

• Platelets(Thrombocytes)

What are the parts of hemoglobin? What does each part bind?

• Heme-red iron containing pigment; carries O2

• Globin-protein; carries CO2

What are the types of anemic? Define each type

• Hemorrhagic: caused by blood loss

• Iron Deficiency: decreased hemoglobin

• Pernicious: immature red blood cells caused by B12 deficiency

• Aplastic: bone marrow malfunction, caused by low levels of erythropoietin

• Sickle cell: genetic hemoglobin defect, caused by misshapen red blood cells

• Hemolytic: red blood cells are destroyed faster than they are produced

What are the functions of the lymphatic system?

• Produce, maintain, & distribute lymphocytes

• Receive fatty food products from the small intestine

• Filter & return lost fluid to the blood stream

• Provide alternative route for the transport of hormones, wastes, & nutrients

What are the characteristics of lymphatic capillaries?

• Blind(Closed at one end)

• Simple squamous epithelium/Simple endothelial tubes

• Unevenly distributed 

• Highly permeable

• Found adjacent to blood capillaries within loose connective tissue(Areolar C.T)

Explain how lymphatic capillaries act as one-way valves

interstitial fluid pressure increases→margins of the endothelial cell membranes push into capillary → allows fluid to enter but no exit

Define lacteals. What is their function?

• Special type of of lymphatic capillaries found in the small intestine

• Function: pick up interstitial fluid, dietary lipids & lipid-soluble vitamins

What type of blood vessels do lymphatic vessels drain into?

Venous system

What two things allow movement of lymph through the lymphatic vessels?

• Valves

• Connective tissue and skeletal muscles

What are the components of lymph? What is the function of each component?

• Interstitial fluid; filtered through the capillary walls & entered the loose connective tissue

(areolar connective tissue)

• Lymphocytes; produce immune response &antibodies

• Macrophages; engulf microorganisms

• Platelets & fat globules; 

Where are lymphnodes located in the human body? What is their function?

• Located in cervical, axillary, & inguinal regions

• Function: produce lymphocytes

What are the types of tonsils? Where are they located? What is their function?

• Paletine: located in your mouth

• Pharyngeal: located in the nasal pharynx

• Lingual: located behind the tongue

• Function: manufacture lymphocytes, guard against microbes, help trap pathogens that enter into the nose and mouth that can come in through air/food

Where is the thymus located? Where is its function?

• Two lobes within the mediastinum

• Function: manufacture/distribute active T-lymphocytes

What are the divisions of the respiratory system?

• Upper respiratory anatomy

• Lower respiratory anatomy

What are the components of the upper respiratory system?

• nares/nostrils

• Nasal cavities

• Nasal conchae

• Paranasal sinuses

• Olfactory receptors

• pharynx(nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx)

What are the components of the lower respiratory system?

• Larynx

• Trachea

• Bronchial tree

• lungs

What are the respiratory functions of the sinuses?

Moisten & cleanse nasal cavities

What are the divisions of the pharynx? What is the histology of each division?

• Nasopharynx: simple squamous epithelium

• Oropharynx: simple squamous epithelium

• Laryngopharynx: simple squamous epithelium

What is the histology of a mucous membrane?

Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

What is the function of goblet cells? Cilia?

Secretes mucus to trap airborne particles

What is the function of the larynx?

Voice production

What are the muscular components of the larynx? What are their functions?

• Vestibular folds: attach laterally to vocal cords; provide them with support

• Vocal cords: attach between the arytenoid & thyroid cartilages, produce sound/speech

• Intrinsic muscles: open/close glottis control the tension on the vocal cords

• Extrinsic muscles: produce movement when swallowing

What is the structural difference between the left and right lungs?

• The right lung has 3 major lobes and the left has only 2

What are the cells of the alveoli? What is the function of each?

• Pneumocyte type I cells: squamous cells that from the alveoli

• Pneumocyte type II cells: produce & secrete surfactant

What is the function of surfactant?

• Surfactant: phospholipid secretion that coats the inner surface of the alveoli, prevents collapse of the alveoli