Exam 1 Questions

During the early 1800s British Admiralty ordered what food product be supplied to the navy ships to prevent scurvy?

During the early 1800s British Admiralty ordered what food product be supplied to the navy ships to prevent scurvy?

Lime juice

T/F: The omasum is sometimes referred to as the Butcher's Bible

True

T/F: Protozoa make up the largest proportion of microbes

False

Cloaca literally means...

Common sewer

Which livestock animal has salivary amylase?

Pigs

T/F: William Beaumont confirmed that stomach growling is due to muscle contractions (not tigers in the belly)

True

T/F: The quality of hay is inversely proportional to age

True

Explain why the Van Soest Method is better at predicting animal response in contrast to the crude fiber and NFE portions of Proximate Analysis

Correct Van soest includes the characterization of specific types of fiber (hemicellusose, cellulose, and lignin). The greater the content of NDF, which includes all three, the less the quantity of voluntary roughage intake. The greater the content of ADF, which includes cellulose and lignin, the less the roughage digestibility.

Proximate analysis does not provide infomration allowing us to make those detailed predictions when it comes to the digestibility and intake of carbs and fibers.

Crude fiber quantifies what nutrient?

Fibrous carbs

Dry matter quantifies what nutrient?

Water

Crude protein quantifies what nutrient?

Protein

NFE quantifies what nutrient?

Soluble carbs

Ash quantifies what nutrient?

Minerals

Ether Extract quantifies what nutrient?

Fat

List the four "R's" of rumination

Regurgitation, remastication, resalivation, rewsallowing

T/F: The honeycomb is another name for the rumen

False

T/F: lignin is completely digested by ruminants

False

If a feedstuff contains 6.4% Nitrogen, how much crude protein would it contain?

40% (N x 6.25)

T/F: Pastures have a high percentage of native grass

False

T/F: A dietary essential nutrient can be synthesized in the body in correct amounts

False

Crude protein doesn't actually measure protein, it measures...

Nitrogen

To calculate protein, multiply nitrogen by??

6.25

BLANK density particles will float on the rumen fluid and form a BLANK layer. Mastication will BLANK density, and allow the particles to settle to the BLANK of the rumen

Low, mat, increase, bottom

Fiber content for roughage

18% crude fiber

Examples of a roughage

Alfalfa haylage, corn silage

Example of an energy concentrate

cereal grains, fruits, nuts, starches

Protein content in a protein concentrate

20% crude protein

Example of a protein concentrate

SBM, distiller's grains

Examples of a mineral supplement

Sodium chloride, limestone

Example of a vitamin supplement

Wheat germ oil

Example of a non-nutritive supplement

Ionophore, mecadox

A high fiber diet decreases and increases which VFAs?

Propionate, acetate

List the acceptable ways to conduct a dry matter analysis

Freeze drying, forced air oven, microwave

Antoine Lavoisier developed what technology?

Calorimeter

Including high levels of Readily Available Carbs in the diet increases and decreases what VFA's?

Propionate, acetate

T/F: If ADF is low, digestibility is low

False

A BLANK is a chemical element required for life

Nutrient

Name a grass with high protein content

Alfalfa hay

T/F: when moisture is high during harvest, more dry matter is lost during harvest than storage

False

T/F: NIR has to be calibrated based on wet-chemistry analysis

True

T/F: ADL will determine the lignin content in a forage

True

To be considered a protein concentrate, a feedstuff must contain at least what percentage crude protein?

20%

T/F: The first glandular portion of the chicken GIT is the ventriculus

F (It's the proventriculus)

T/F: It would be more common to lose dry matter due to leaf shatter in a silage than in a legume hay

False

A BLANK is the daily supply of feed to an animal

Ration

A BLANK is the mixture of feedstuffs used to supply nutrients

Diet

Sugars and starches are predominantly found in which cellular portion of the plant?

Within the cell contents

Rabbits have a unique adaptation in that they consume their own feces. What is the adaptation, and why?

It is called coprophagia, and it is done because as a hindgut fermenter, there are proteins and vitamins synthesized after the stomach that is expelled as waste, and in rabbits it is in the wetter caecotrophs (one of two types of poop). They eat it to recycle and take advantage of the nutrients that would otherwise be lost.

T/F: Lignin is a carb

False

To be considered a roughage, a feedstuff must contain more than what percentage crude fiber?

18%

Name a grass with low protein content

Bermuda hay

T/F: Acidosis is a result of an decrease in growth rate of typical rumen bacteria and an increase in bacteria like S. bovid and lactobacillus.

True

Horses lack this organ responsible fore secreting bile

Gall bladder

T/F: The first glandular portion of the ruminant GIT is the abomasum

True

T/F: Most microbes in the rumen require oxygen

False

What are the major components to make silage?

Sugar, moisture, bacteria, anaerobic environment

The three types of microbes found in the rumen are

Bacteria, protozoa, fungi

T/F: If NDF is high, voluntary feed intake will likely be low

True