utopian communities
reform communities w a common goal to reorganize society on a cooperative basis, hoping to restore social harmony w/ individualism and narrow gap between rich and poor/gender relations and roles
shakers
people who believed god had "dual" personality -> male and female -> both genders equal spiritually and work was equally important; completely abandoned traditional family life
oneida
dictorial community that similarly got rid of private property and family roles, but taught community that they formed a "holy family" of equals where "complex marriage" was allowed
Brook Farm
area near boston that hoped to demonstrate that manual and intellectual labor could co exist harmoniously
robert owen and communitarianism
man who was appalled by worker's conditions in industrial rev. -> mad a system that provided work, housing, and education to make sure worker received full value of labor
new harmony
community bought by robert in indiana -> wanted to believe in women's rights, education, divorce, and believed in children all being taken and educated separately and specially; lasted a few years, but changed/influenced labor movement and belief equals can be made in the new world
"burned over districts"
regions that are stunted from improvement bc of intense rivalry; used as an argument by "perfectionists" who believed individuals and soceity as a large as capable of indefinite improvement
American Temperance Society
sought to convince americans to renounce liquor
horace mann
director of board of education who wanted universal public education to restore equality and equip the less fortunate in a fractured society
common schools
tax supported state school systems open to all children
mcguffy reader
every school children's read form that contained english lessons as well as patriotic and moral lessons
american colonization society
idea that abolition would not happen unless black americans were deported to africa; promoted abolition w deporting
liberia
a place on the coast of africa w/ an outpost of american influcne where the capital is named after james monroe
american anti-slavery society
northern groups taht were devoted to abolition, most being ordinary citizens
william lloyd garrison
writer of propaganda journal that spread to all anti-slavery circles for immediate abolition
the liberator
journal that made abolitionists have a permanent voice
moral suasion
non use of violence and rather a convincing of sinfulness behavior
lydia maria child
insisted blacks shouldnt be seen as africans as white to englishmen in citizenship
grimke sisters
abolitionists and womens right advocates; lectured in public as women
uncle tom's cabin
autobiography of fugitive slave, josiah henson; portrayed enslaved as sympathetic and christian -> sent a powerful abolition message w/ human appeal; where idea of subservient non challenging slave comes from (anne moody)
gag rule
prohibited consideration of emancipation in the nation's capital
harriet tubman
former slave who formed a network of abolitionists that secretly helped slaves escaped to freedom w/ hiding places and routes to the north
dorothea dix
school teacher who was the leading advocate for a more humane treatment towards the insane; led to the construction of mental hospitals
elizabeth cady stanton and lucretia mott
key organizers of the seneca falls convention and veterans of the anti slavery crusade; stanton was the principle author of the seneca falls declaration of sentiments on the declaration of independence
seneca falls convention
a gathering on behalf of women's rights that raised the issue of women's suffrage for the first time; argument that freedom was impossible w/o access to the ballot
women's suffrage
women's right to vote; a 70 year struggle for women
liberty party
political group determined to make abolitionism a political movement
tejanos
texas, the first part of mexico americans settled in; name for non-indian population of spanish origin
stephen austin
leader of economic boom in texas, mexico with tejanos that reintroduced slavery from american settlers
stanta anna
sent an army to impose central authority, but whiplash claimed he was trying to free slaves and make everyone slaves themseleves
texas revolt
response to santa anna where rebels formed a provisional government for texas' independence
republic of texas
republic that attracted slave owning americans and wanted ot merge w the u.s. but was dismissed by van buren bc of the idea of another slave state
election of 1844
election where john tyler used absorbtion of texas to gain southern support for reelection
james k polk
former governor of tn whose main assets in the election was his support annexation and his close association w andrew jackson
49th parallel
compromise w/ great britian made by james k polk that split oregon territory on this line
mexican war
first war/american conflict to be fought on foreign ground and first where u.s. troppes occupied a foreign capital; questioned by lincoln regarding the president's power to "make war at pleasure"
bear flag republic
california's name by u.s. when it was in mexico's control
treaty of guadalupe hidalgo
confirmed the annexation of texas and ceded california, present day nm, az, nevada, and utah to u.s.
mexican cession
name for the land annexed from mexico
gadsden purchase
a parcel of additional land bought from mexico in 1853 and alaska, acquired from russia in 1867
race and manifest destiny
ideas about racial superiority and creation of race during annexation of mexico land and which non-whites were too unfit for citizenship
gold rush
a mania for gold that attracted emigrants to cali bc of newspaper accounts of instant wealth found by early migrants
wilmot proviso
a proposed resolution that would prohibit slavery from alll territories acquired from mexico; widely supported by everyone except south
free soil party
group of oppponents of slavery's expansion that nominated martin van buren and lewis cass for presidnetial nominees
compromise of 1850
made to avert crisis between south and north; called for an extension of missouri compromise line to the pacific ocean and a stronger fugitive slave law
fugitive slave act
allowed special federal commissioners to determine the fate of alleged fugitives w/o benefit of a jury or testimony; made the aid of fugitives a federal crime
stephen douglas
introduced a bill to provide territorial governments for kansas and nebraska located within louisana purchase; made to satisfy sectional conflect; applied popular sovereignty
popular sovereignty
status of slavery to be determined by the votes of local settlers, not congress
kasas nebraska act
overrode missouri compromise w/ popular sovereignty in kansas and nebraska
republican party
northern whigs who where dedicated to preventing the further expansion of slavery
northern economy of 1850
explosive economic growth from the catalyst of the completion of the railroad network; completion of market rev. and beginning of mass immigration from europe
know nothing party
political group that was dedicated to reserving political office for native born americans and resist "aggressions" of catholic church
slave power
north's name for southern leaders who were proslavery; called them an immediate threat to their freedom and aspirations, rather than immigration
bleeding kansas
when free state settlers made a rival government and a minor civil war in the state; occured killing zoo; discreited decision to leave slavery up to states and aided republicans
dread scott and sanford
supreme court deeming that only white persons could be citizens of the united states; if congress couldnt limit slavery? why can a state legislature do so? in favor of south
lecompton battle
constitution written to admit a state as a slave state; never voted on by popular vote; outraged cuz it was a violation of popular soveriegnity; convinced southern democrats that they couldnt' trust party's most popular northern leader
abraham lincoln
gave voice to the central values of the emerginv republic party in stopping the expansion of slavery
lincoln douglas debate
america must either choose favor or opposing slavery vs self governemnt and self determination to have a diverse nation
John Brown
a secular hero willing to kill and sacrifice for what he saw immoral and racial injustice, assaulted the federal arsenal, harpers ferry
harpers ferry
captured and seized arsenal by john brown and his followers for abolition
ostend manifesto
an event where a group of southerners met w/ spanish officials in belgium to attempt to get more slave territory
southern nationalism
want of southern expansion and independence to prevent more downfall of economy and debt from slave prices and countering north's growing strength
election of 1860
lincoln v douglas v breckinsi; douglas had votes from whole nation, but lincoln had majority vote especially from north; douglas lacked a sectional loyalty
secessionist movement
when proslavery states in south separated from the union (11 states) during lincoln's election
crittenden's compromise
agreement plan where missouri compromise line would be expanded to prevent war; rejected by northerners -> main principle: NO expansion
confederate states of america
seceding states from america
fort sumter
first shot from south that started the civil war