summative ap hug review (all vocab, models, and theories)

what projection is this

mercator projection

what is the mercator projection used for

direction

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goode homolosine projection

benefits of goode homolosine projeciton

equal area of landmasses

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fuller map projection

benefits of fuller map projection

accurate shapes/sizes

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robinson projection

benefits of robinson projection

minimal distortion

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winkel tripel projection

benefits of winkel tripel projection

accurate size and minimizes distortion by keeping it concentrated at the poles

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gall peters projection

benefits of gall peters projection

accurate in shape

reference maps

informational maps (ex. boundaries, names, geographic features)

topographic map

contour lines displaying terrain/elevation changes

absolute direction

exact place one may be heading (quantitative)

absolute distance

exact distance between two places (quantitative)

relative direction

describing the location or orientation of an object in relation to another object or a reference point (qualitative)

relative distance

approximate distance between two places (qualitative)

relative location

description of a location using geographic features (qualitative)

thematic map

displays spatial patterns of places and uses quantitative data to display topics

what map is this

choropleth map

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dot density map

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cartogram

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graduated symbol map

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isoline map

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flowline map

remote sensing

collecting information with satellites

geographic information systems (gis)

computer system that collects, analyzes, and displays geographic data

place

specific point on earth’s surface with one or more unique characteristics

global positioning system (gps)

network of satellites to determine location of something on earth’s surface

field observations

first hand observations

landscape analysis

studying land and how humans have altered it

photo analysis

analyzing photos

distance decay

larger distance = less interaction (however, technology reduces distance decay)

time-space compression

technology reduces space between places (counters distance decay)

spatial association

relationship of different objects in an area

physical characteristics

observable features (ex. climate/landscape)

human characteristics

attributes, behaviors, and social structures that define human populations (ex. religion, language)

sense of place

emotional connections and attachments people develop with specific locations

placelessness

no strong response to an area due to a lack of unique characteristics

site

physical/natural characteristics of a place

situation

a place's location relative to other places and its accessibility, especially in terms of transportation and connections

environmental possibilism

idea that environment does have limits, but people can overcome them

enviornmental determinism

outaged idea that environment sets possibilities for people

scale of analysis

observation of data at a global, national, regional, or local scale

scale

distance on map vs. distance on ground

state

a territory with defined boundaries organized into a political unit and ruled by an established government that has control over its internal and foreign affairs

large scale

large amount of detail and small geographic area

small scale

less detail over a large geographic area

region

geographic area with common characteristics/patterns of activity

formal (uniform) region

region defined by set boundaries (undebatable)

functional (nodal) region

an area around a node

perceptual (vernacular) region

no perfect defining boundaries, all based on beliefs

arithmetic density

total population/total amount of land

physiological density

total population/total amount of arable land (shows how much food needs to be produced per unit)

agricultural density

amount of farmers/amount of arable land

carrying capacity

max amount of people that can be supported without damaging the enviornment

what is this

population pyramid

sex ratio

males/females multiplied by 100

dependency ratio

gives insight into how many people a society needs to support

0-14, 65+/working age population x 100

child dependency ratio

0-14/15-64 × 100

elderly dependency ratio

65+/15-64 × 100

what does cbr stand for

crude birth rate

crude birth rate

live births per 1000 people

what does cdr stand for

crude death rate

crude death rate

number of deaths per 1000 people

what does tfr stand for

total fertility rate (avg # children a woman will have)

what does imr stand for

infant mortality rate

infant mortality rate

total # deaths of children under 1 year old per 1000 births

what does rni stand for

rate of natural increase

rate of natural increase (natural increase rate)

% of population growth in a year (cbr-cdr)

doubling time

amount of time it takes for population to double

pro-natalist policies

government policies that promote birth rates

anti-natalist policies

government policies that decline birth rates

stage one of demographic transition model

high cbr and cdr, they both cancel out

stage 2 of demographic transition model

high cbr, lowering cdr due to advancements

stage 3 of demographic transition model

cbr/cdr both decrease, nir becomes moderate

stage 4 of demographic transition model

low cdr/cbr, low or flat nir

stage 5 of demographic transition model

negative nir, cbr is below cdr

stage 1 of epidemiological transition model

pestilence, famine, death

epidemic

disease spreading through region or community

pandemic

disease across multiple regions/countries

endemic

a disease stays in an area

stage 2 of epidemiological transition model

less deaths and pandemics; improved standards of life

stage 3 of epidemiological transition model

degenerative diseases (ex. cancer, human made diseases)

stage 4 of epidemiological transition model

fighting degenerative diseases, improved diet/lifestyle

stage 5 of epidemiological transition model

reemergence of infectious disease

what is this

malthusian theory

malthusian theory

we will outgrow our food sources, as population grows exponentially and food grows linearly

why is malthusian theory wrong

population growth isn’t exponential and doesn’t account for advances in agriculture

neo-malthusians

believes that earth’s resources will run out eventually

mmr

maternal mortality rate

maternal mortality rate

female deaths per 100,000 births

what is this

gravity model

gravity model

the larger the city, the greater the pull

ravenstein’s laws of migration

demonstrates migration patterns

pull factor

a factor that makes people want to move to a place

push factor

negative situations that force people to move

emigration

exiting out of a country

immigration

migrating into a country