Case study: Mount St. Helens, USA (1980)

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Where is Mount St. Helens located?

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Washington, USA

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When did Mount St. Helens erupt?

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May 18th 1980

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8 Terms

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Where is Mount St. Helens located?

Washington, USA

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When did Mount St. Helens erupt?

May 18th 1980

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Why did Mount St. Helens erupt? What caused the eruption?

  • the Juan de Fuca plate (oceanic crust) subducted underneath the North American plate (continental crust) into the mantle

  • destructive oceanic-continental plate boundary

  • magnitude 5 earthquake underneath the volcano at 8:32am

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What were some primary effects of the eruption?

  • 61 deaths

  • every form of life within a 25km (17-mile) northwards blast zone range of the volcano was destroyed

  • 370 square miles of surrounding area destroyed

  • tens of millions of trees destroyed

  • 250 homes destroyed

  • 15 miles of railways destroyed

  • 185 miles of highway destroyed

  • 400 metres blown off the top of the volcano

  • 47 bridges destroyed

  • 12 million salmon died

  • approximately 7,000 animals died

  • logging camps destroyed

  • largest landslide ever recorded

  • at least 12 US states were affected by ash fallout

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What were some secondary effects of the eruption?

  • electricity supplies interrupted

  • telephone wires cut

  • 12% of the total crop was ruined by settling dust

  • £100 million ash damage cost to farmers’ crops and machinery

  • the timber industry in the area was destroyed by the flattening of trees

  • traffic chaos caused by the ash ejected into the atmosphere

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What were some immediate responses to the eruption?

  • set up a 20-mile exclusion zone on March 31st 1980

  • declared a state of emergency on March 31st 1980

  • immediate search and rescue operation

  • helicopter rescues to take casualties to hospital

  • rescued 198 people

  • shelter provided for those who lost their homes

  • medical supplies given to the injured

  • flights cancelled due to the ash ejected into the atmosphere

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What were some long-term responses to the eruption?

  • created the Johnston Ridge Observatory, which was opened in 1997

  • money given to redevelop the salmon hatcheries

  • a million tonnes of ash were removed from roads, buildings, and airports

  • cost of over $1 million to remove ash

  • ash removal in the town of Yakima took 10 weeks

  • built new highway

  • money give to rebuild houses

  • forest area to the north replanted (millions of trees replanted, costing $300 million)

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How is Mount St. Helens being managed now?

  • seismic monitoring stations

  • accelerometers

  • GPS stations

  • gas sampling stations

  • electronic tiltmeters