L2- Anti emetics/Diarrhoea/Crohns

What is the role of the chemoreceptor trigger zone (CTZ) in vomiting?

The CTZ acts as a sensor for toxins, drugs, and metabolic disturbances in the blood and cerebral spinal fluid, sending signals to the vomiting center to initiate the vomiting reflex.

What neurotransmitter is primarily involved in chemotherapy-induced nausea?

Serotonin acting on 5-HT3 receptors.

What are H1 receptor antagonists commonly used for?

They are used to treat motion sickness, vertigo, and morning sickness.

Name a commonly used muscarinic receptor antagonist for motion sickness.

Hyoscine (also known as scopolamine).

What is the mechanism of action of serotonin 5-HT3 receptor antagonists?

They block the 5-HT3 receptors both centrally in the CTZ and peripherally at vagal nerve terminals to prevent nausea and vomiting.

What is the main function of NK-1 receptor antagonists?

They block substance P from activating NK-1 receptors, thus inhibiting the emetic response.

What type of laxative works by absorbing water and increasing stool bulk?

Bulk-forming laxatives.

How do stimulant laxatives promote bowel movement?

They irritate sensory nerve endings in the intestinal mucosa, promoting colonic motility and accelerating bowel movements.

What is the primary treatment approach for Crohn's disease?

To reduce inflammation and manage symptoms to maintain remission.

What are the biologic therapies for Crohn's disease used to target?

They target specific inflammatory pathways, such as anti-TNF alpha therapy and interleukin inhibitors, to reduce intestinal inflammation.

How does Infliximab work in treating Crohn's disease?

It binds to and neutralizes TNF alpha, interrupting the inflammatory signal cascade.

What role do Th1 and Th17 cells play in Crohn's disease?

They produce pro-inflammatory cytokines that contribute to intestinal inflammation.

What are the common side effects of dopamine D2 receptor antagonists?

Dry mouth, dizziness, and blurred vision.

What is the benefit of learning drug mechanisms rather than just memorizing names in pharmacology?

Understanding mechanisms provides insights into drug effectiveness, potential side effects, and clinical applications.

What is a common symptom of Crohn's disease?

Abdominal pain and diarrhea.

Why must bulk-forming laxatives be taken with sufficient fluids?

They require water to be effective; otherwise, they can worsen constipation.

What type of drug is Domperidone?

D2 receptor antagonist used to treat nausea and vomiting.

What is the significance of using diagrams and mnemonics in studying pharmacology?

They can help visualize concepts and enhance retention of complicated information.

What type of receptor do serotonin antagonists primarily target?

5-HT3 receptors.