FW Policy and Law Enforcement Comprehensive Final Review

Article I of the U.S. Constitution establishes 2 house of Congress. These houses are known as the __________ and ____________.

Senate and Executive

Parliment and Senate

Legislature and Supreme Court

Parliament and Commons

House of Representatives and Senate

House of Representatives and Senate

Section 7 of Article I authorizes Congress to pass bills that become law if approved by the __________.

President

Senate Pro Tem

Speaker of the House

Supreme Court

State governors

President

Virtually all federal environmental laws relating to natural resources (i.e., wetlands regulations, endangered species) are at least partially based on the __________________ of the U.S. Constitution.

Commerce Clause

22nd Amendment

Preamble

14th Amendment

Commerce Clause

According to the U.S. Constitution, the Judicial Power of the United States shall be vested in one _______________ and in such inferior courts as the Congress may from time to time ordain and establish.

Legislature

Congress

Executive Branch

Supreme Court

Supreme Court

U.S. Supreme Court and lower courts _________ the Constitution, which is the process by which the respective legal authorities of the state and federal governments are demarcated.

Redraft

Separate the powers of

Explain

Interpret

Interpret

No person shall "be deprived of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor shall private property be taken for public use without due compensation" is referred to as the ______ Amendment or the _____________ of the U.S. Constitution.

5th; Police Powers Clause

1st; Preamble

5th; Taking Clause

10th; Reserve Powers Clause

5th; Taking Clause

According to the 10th Amendment of the U.S. Constitution, the federal government is a government of __________ powers or a "limited" government.

Numbered

Enumerated

Equitable

Tangible

Enumerated

The ________ Power within the U.S. Constitution articulates the authority to secure the comfort, safety, and prosperity of citizens and therefore, provides the basis for government regulation of land use in the United States.

Administrative

Economic

Police

Regulation

Police

Statutory laws passed by Congress and state legislatures authorize administrative agencies to make rules and regulations. The latter is referred to as ______________.

Common Law

Administrative Law

Judicial Review

Statutory Law

Administrative Law

In terms of the involvement of Congress in running the government, congressional ___________ is used in drafting legislation, the review of programs and policies, gathering of information for future use, and to elicit required action by the executive branch.

Rule Making

Accountability

Debate

Oversight

Oversight

Under ________________, federal courts may review legislation enacted by Congress to determine if laws comply with the Constitution. Also, this process allows for the review of state laws if they conflict with federal constitutional provisions.

Judicial Review

Statutory Law

Congressional Review

Presidential Veto

Judicial Review

The President of the United States can limit legislative powers of the Congress through ________________.

Impeachment

Judicial Review

Presidential Veto

Congressional Oversight

Presidential Veto

Once Congress enacts broad legislation, agency _________ and administrative ________ are delegated to administrative agencies to formulate and implement programs.

Review; Oversight

Programs; Statutes

Regulations; Spending

Rule Making; Statutes

Rule Making; Statutes

Within the court system of the U.S., __________ courts consider questions of facts and laws.

Supreme Court

District

State

Appellate

District

Within the court system of the U.S., __________ courts answer the question "was the law correctly applied by the trial court?"

Appellate

District

Supreme Court

State

Appellate

In this early Supreme Court case decision known as __________________, the court declared that this particular state not only owned tidewaters, but also "the fish in them, so far as they are capable of ownership while running." In the case, the notion of state ownership of natural resources was reaffirmed and expanded.

Geer v. Connecticut

McCready v. Virginia

O'Bannon v. Virginia

Manchester v. Commonwealth of Massachusetts

McCready v. Virginia

In this 1896 Supreme Court ruling, the court issued a landmark decision supporting state ownership of natural resources within their respective jurisdiction and that the State could affix conditions on the taking of game and conditions would remain with the game after being harvested.

O'Bannon v. Connecticut

McCready v. Virginia

Geer v. Connecticut

Manchester v. Commonwealth of Massachusetts

Geer v. Connecticut

In this cornerstone law passed by Congress in 1900, it was prohibited to transport across state boundaries wild animals or birds killed in violation of state law.

Clean Water Act

Black Bass Act

Lacey Act

Migratory Bird Treaty Act

Lacey Act

The case that emphasized protection of a food supply, reaffirmed state authority to regulate waters in the absence of U.S. regulations and emphasized navigable waters was ____________

Smith v. Maryland

O'Bannon v. Connecticut

Martin v. Waddell

Manchester v. Commonwealth of Massachusetts

Martin v. Waddell (wrong on test but correct answer after a google search)

What 1918 federal law was a joint resolution with Canada for migratory bird protection and elevated the status and priority for migratory bird protection and management in North America?

Endangered Species Act

Lacey Act

Migratory Bird Treaty Act

Limited Hunting Act

Migratory Bird Treaty Act

Which Supreme Court decision involved a state filing a bill seeking to restrain a U.S. game warden from enforcing the Migratory Bird Treaty Act?

Manchester v. Commonwealth of Massachusetts

Lacey v. Jones

Missouri v. Holland

Martin v. Waddell

Missouri v. Holland

In which of the following Supreme Court decisions did the Court ruling forcefully reject the contention that the doctrine of state ownership of wildlife barred federal wildlife regulation

Geer v. Connecticut

Martin v. Waddell

Missouri v. Holland

Lacey v. Jones

Missouri v. Holland

In which of the following Supreme Court decisions did the Secretary of Agriculture direct the removal of excess deer from Kaibab National Forest due to overbrowsing and State officials attempted to stop deer removal? The Court ruled to stop the state from enforcing its own wildlife laws due to the Supremacy Clause of the U.S. Constitution.

Missouri v. Holland

Hunt v. United States

Martin v. Waddell

Geer v. Connecticut

Hunt v. United States

In which of the following Supreme Court decisions did a state government remove federally-protected horses and burros from grazing lands and the Bureau of Land Management ordered the animals returned? The Supreme Court upheld the bureau's recommendation to return the animals due to the Property Clause giving authority to the federal government to regulate and protect the wildlife on federally managed grazing lands.

Hunt v. United States

Martin v. Waddell

Kleppe v. New Mexico

Kleppe v. New Mexico

The ______________ regulates interstate commerce in wildlife, prohibits the importation of wildlife injurious to agriculture, and was supplemented in 1981 by the Black Bass Act.

Endangered Species Act

Migratory Bird Treaty Act

Lacey Act

Federal Clean Water Act

Lacey Act

A judicial decision that changes or has a substantial effect on an existing law is known as a ________________.

Sovereignty

Remedy

Landmark decision

Servitude

Landmark decision

In the Lacey Act, the legislation aids enforcement by requiring all packages containing dead animals, birds, or parts thereof be clearly marked when ________.

Processed

Shipped

Weighed

Inspected

Shipped

Section 5 of the Lacey Act provides that animals, birds, or parts transported into any _________________ shall be subject to laws of that region as though such animals or birds had been produced there.

Economic Zone

State or Territory

Country

County

State or Territory

Under the 1949 amendments of the Lacey Act, it is illegal to import wild animals and birds under ____________ conditions.

Inhumane or unhealthy

Environmentally sensitive

Extreme

Unprofitable

Inhumane or unhealthy

Executive Order 11987 issued by President __________________, directed agencies to restrict introduction of "exotic species" into natural ecosystems under their jurisdiction and to encourage states to do the same.

George Bush

Jimmy Carter

Bill Clinton

Ronald Reagan

Jimmy Carter

The following federal law provides added authority (Plant Pest Act and Quarantine Act) to protect against introduction of diseases and pest harmful to other plants as well as prohibits interstate movement of these exotic plants.

Federal Noxious Weed Act

Clean Water Act

Invasive Plant Act

International Noxious Weed Act

Federal Noxious Weed Act

Under the Nonindigenous Aquatic Nuisance Prevention and Control Act of 1990, efforts are made to control ____________________ as pathway of introduction of nonindigenous species (plant, animal, and other viable biological material) to waters of the U.S.

Ballast water discharges

Shipments overseas to foreign ports

Port operations

Container inspections

Ballast water discharges

Which case listed below redefined wetland types that are currently placed under federal protection?

Executive Order 11987

Solid Waste Agency of Northern Cook County v. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE)

Utah (Division of Parks) v. Marsh

Hughes v. Oklahoma

Solid Waste Agency of Northern Cook County v. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE)

Wetlands that are allowed to be filled or altered by permitted activities must be replaced in terms of functions and values at another location within the same watershed. This requirement is called ______________.

Mitigation

Alternative analysis

Compensation

Wetland enforcement

Mitigation

The National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) was the first federal law that reformed the federal decision-making process by defining new ________________ and _____________ which federal agencies must follow in designing and implementing federal projects or actions.

Substantive goals; legislative mandates

Substantive goals; procedural rules

Substantive goals; state policies

Procedural rules; precedents

Substantive goals; procedural rules

The following statement requires federal agencies to draft a detailed statement that includes the potential environmental impact of a proposed federal action or project.

Environmental adverse statement

Environmental impact statement

Mitigation statement

Project report

Environmental impact statement

The Seven County Infrastructure Coalition v. Eagle County, Colorado Supreme Court decision in 2025 __________________ the National Environmental Policy Act in its review and in the addressing the potential adverse impacts and scope of a proposed project.

limited

expanded

eliminated

quantified

limited

Under NEPA, agencies must seek comments from other agencies with ______________ or _____________ regarding environmental impact of a proposed action

Fiscal authority; legislative mandate

Technical expertise; legislative authority

Legal jurisdiction; technical expertise

Technical expertise; legislative authority

Legal jurisdiction; technical expertise

Under NEPA, agencies are directed to conduct an early and open process of outlining the scope of issues to be addressed in reviewing potential adverse impacts of a federal action or project. This process is known as ____________.

Evaluation

Scoping

Formulation

Review

Scoping

In the following evaluation process under NEPA, if agencies can agree that no environmental adverse impacts will result from the proposed project or action. This finding is known as _____________________.

Finding of no significant impact

Finding of limited impact

Exempt from permitting requirement

Finding of no objection with proposal

Finding of no significant impact

NEPA was the first federal law that endorsed and required that __________________ be used by agencies to evaluate the potential negative impacts of federal projects or actions to the environment.

Judicial review

State agency involvement

Congressional oversight

Public input

Public input

NEPA strives for goal(s) in federal decision making related to federal actions or projects that may have environmental consequences. This/these goal(s) include:

Eliminate environmental damage and promote human welfare

Enrich understanding of natural resources

Harmony between humans and environment

All of the answers listed

All of the answers listed

NEPA provided basis for litigation in federal courts and in the majority of cases that delay federal projects, the basis of the plaintiff's argument was ____________________ and ______________________.

Agency did not prepare an EIS; EIS prepared was inadequate

Infeasibility of project; lack of funding for project

Irretrievable harm done to environment; mitigation proposed was inadequate

Funding for project was not appropriated; agency consensus was not met

Agency did not prepare an EIS; EIS prepared was inadequate

Which statement from the following statements listed below is not considered a decision factors in considering adverse impacts from a planned federal project under NEPA.

Alternatives to the proposed action

Relationship between short-term use and long-term productivity

Consideration for adequate mitigation

Any adverse impacts that should be avoided

Any adverse impacts that should be avoided

Which of the following is not considered a section in an EIS under NEPA?

Statement of purpose and need

Alternatives, including the proposed action and no action

Environmental consequences

FONSI

Summary

FONSI

The NEPA process should "end" in which of the following ways?

Resubmission of proposed action

Determination of a categorical exclusion

Determination of mitigation

Preparation of an environmental impact statement or environmental assessment; or determination of a categorical exclusion

Preparation of an environmental impact statement or environmental assessment

Preparation of an environmental impact statement or environmental assessment; or determination of a categorical exclusion

A human-made or human-induced alteration of the chemical, physical, and radiological integrity of water is known as ____________________.

pollution

discharge

effluent

rainfall

pollution

Under the Clean Water Act of 1972, the primary responsibility to prevent, reduce, and eliminate pollution falls to the _______________________.

State government

federal government

private landowner

US Environmental Protection Agency

US Environmental Protection Agency

The federal statute aimed at restoring and maintaining the chemical, physical, and biological integrity of the nation's waters is the ____________________.

Clean Environment Act

Lacey Act

Federal Water Pollution Control Act

National Environmental Policy Act

Federal Water Pollution Control Act

_____________ pollution is defined as pollution resulting from precipitation runoff from the land into a receiving watershed basin

Nonpoint source

Fecal colliform

Point source

Water quality

Nonpoint source

TMDL stands for ______________________________.

Total maximum daily load

Total maximum diurnal load

Total monumental daily load

Total maximum daily layering

Total maximum daily load

Since colonial times, the U.S. has lost over approximately ____ of its wetlands.

75%

10%

25%

50%

50%

Which agency has veto authority of the US Army Corps of Engineers in issuing wetland fill permits?

US Environmental Protection Agency

US Department of Agriculture

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration

US Fish and Wildlife Service

US Environmental Protection Agency

Which state agency in MS is responsible for the protection and conservation of the State's water resources and watersheds?

Mississippi Department of Marine Resources

Mississippi Department of Wildlife, Fisheries, and Parks

Mississippi Department of Environmental Quality

Mississippi Department of Agriculture and Commerce

Mississippi Department of Environmental Quality

Under the Clean Water Act, the state water primacy agency grants or denies certification to ensure that water quality standards are adhered to and protected from impacts from regulated activities within the state's jurisdictional boundaries. This certification is called ____________________?

Section 303 impaired waters designation

Section 402 stormwater certification

Section 401 water quality certification

Section 404 wetland fill permits program

Section 401 water quality certification

Exempt activities under Section 404 Permit Program under the Clean Water Act include all but one of the following?

Normal farming

Golf course construction

Ranching

Levee construction

Silviculture

Golf course construction

The primary responsibility to set industry-wide technology based effluent standards to discharges is __________________________.

the state government

both the federal and state governments

No answer text provided.

the federal government

the state government

If the state notifies the USACE within 60 days after notification of an application for regulated activities under the Clean Water Act that water quality concerns exist, the USACE must hold a/an __________________.

Court action

Public hearing

Intent to issue a water quality inspection

Interagency meeting

Public hearing

National Pollutant Discharge System (NPDES) provisions are established to address pollution from _____________________________.

Unknown sources

End of pipe or point sources

Nonpoint sources

human induced source

End of pipe or point sources

The ___________________ gave the USACE the authority to issue permits for dispersal of dredge or fill material within the United States.

President

Federal Water Pollution Control Act

National Environmental Policy Act

Fish and Wildlife Coordination Act

Federal Water Pollution Control Act

The federal government cannot issue a wetland permit if denied by ___________.

the state

another federal agency

the territory's government

the county government

the state

Wetlands that are allowed to be filled or altered by permitted activities must be replaced in terms of functions and values at another location within the same watershed. This requirement is called ___________________.

No answer text provided.

wetland enforcement

Mitigation

Alternative analysis compensation

Mitigation

Prior to the 1215 Magna Carta, wildlife and fish appearing on the land belonged to whom?

The King

The People

The church

The nobles and barons

The King

The ____________________________ is a powerful legal tool for safeguarding public access to and use of natural resources, like waterways and wildlife, while also ensuring the responsible management of these resources by government entities.

Clean Water Act

US Constitution

National Environmental Policy Act

Public trust doctrine

Public trust doctrine

Which clause in the US Constitution first limited market hunting of wildlife and fostered federal protection of wildlife species?

The Commerce Clause

The Police Power

The Taking Clause

The Reserved Powers Clause

The Commerce Clause

Which policy mechanism best describes that governmental policies change gradually over time and only at the margins?

Incrementalism

Iron triangle

Pluralism

Consensus building

Incrementalism

When federal projects involving federal lands, waters, and/or funds are proposed for consideration by appropriate federal resource agencies, the project descriptions are required to be listed in the ______________________________ to allow for and to facilitate public input.

Supreme Court Docket

Congressional Library

Federal Register

Local Newspaper

Federal Register

What Supreme Court case eliminated the migratory bird rule in the determination and jurisdiction of a wetland to qualify for protection under the US government?

Utah (Division of Parks) v. Marsh of 1984

Sackett v. USEPA in 2023

Solid Waste Agency of Northern Cook County v. USASCE in 2001

Seven County Infrastructure Coalition v. Eagle County in 2025

Sackett v. USEPA in 2023

What two Federal Agencies administer the Endangered Species Act?

EPA and US Army Corps of Engineers

EPA and National Marine Fisheries Service

EPA and US Fish and Wildlife Service

National Marine Fisheries Service and US Fish and Wildlife Service

National Marine Fisheries Service and US Fish and Wildlife Service

What natural resources are primarily under the responsibility of the US Fish and Wildlife Service?

Marine wildlife

Animals only

Terrestrial and freshwater fauna and flora

All plants and animals

Terrestrial and freshwater fauna and flora

The US Fish and Wildlife Service's main responsibility under the ESA is:

Establish Critical Habitats for listed species

Protect threatened and endangered species for unlawful take

Review impacts to aquatic and terrestrial environments

Review Environmental Impact Statements

Protect threatened and endangered species for unlawful take

"Take" of a listed species is defined as:

Kill, capture, hunt, shoot, and collect only

Kill, capture, hunt, shoot, wound, collect, or attempt to engage in such conduct

Kill only

Capture but not kill

Kill, capture, hunt, shoot, wound, collect, or attempt to engage in such conduct

Under the ESA, species may be listed as:

Protected or threatened

Endangered or threatened

Endangered or protected

Protected or unprotected

Endangered or threatened

Which factor is not considered when a species is evaluated for listing?

Public appeal

disease or predation threats

Inadequacy of existing protection

Overutilization

Public appeal

When assessing the status of a species, the US Fish and Wildlife Service publishes notices of review that identify species believed to meet the definition of threatened or endangered. These species are referred to as:

Candidates

Potentially endangered

Eligible

Potentially threatened

Candidates

Impacts to designated Critical Habitat are called:

Reasonable and prudent measures

A FONSI

Adverse modifications

Adverse impacts

Adverse modifications

Which Section of the ESA requires Federal Agencies to insure that their actions or those they authorize are not likely to jeopardize the continued existence of a listed species?

Section 6

Section 7

Section 10

Habitat Conservation Planning

Section 7

Which of the following actions regarding "Informal Consultation" under the ESA is not required?

Determination of effect proposed actions will have on a species

Determination of what listed species are in the action area

Adherence to a strict time line for completion of the consultation

Identification of data gaps that must be addressed

Adherence to a strict time line for completion of the consultation

Pick the incorrect order of steps taken during Informal Consultation under the ESA.

Species are present; no effect; end of Consultation

Species are not present; provide correspondence; end of Consultation

Species are present; likely to adversely effect; Formal Consultation needed

Species are present; may affect species; end of Consultation

Species are present; may affect species; end of Consultation

When should a Federal agency request Formal Consultation?

A species is likely present in the action area

A species is in the nearby vicinity of the action area

A species is likely to be adversely affected

A species has designated Critical Habitat

A species is likely to be adversely affected

When is Jeopardy likely to occur?

When an action is expected to diminish a species' likelihood of survival and recovery

When an action is expected to "harm" a species

When there is uncertainty about activities harming a species

When an action is expected to "take" a species

When an action is expected to diminish a species' likelihood of survival and recovery

How many days does the Fish and Wildlife Service have to complete a draft Biological Opinion, after providing written documentation agreeing to enter into formal consultation?

90

30

45

100

90

What section is not found in a Biological Opinion?

Conservation measures

Reasonable and prudent measures

Effects of Take

Mitigation

Conservation measures

What Section of the ESA refers to Penalties and Enforcement?

7 (a) 1

2

11

19 (a)

11

What Section of the ESA refers to Non-Federal Actions?

8

1

5

10

10

What Section of the ESA refers to working with State agencies?

1

6

2

15

6

What is the final product of a Formal Consultation under the ESA?

Environmental Assessment

FONSI

Biological Opinion

Crucial Habitat Listing

Biological Opinion

Which of these actions happen during Formal Consultation under the ESA?

Evaluation of the status of the species in the action area

Review of the species' range-wide status

Determination of "Jeopardy" or "No Jeopardy"

All of the listed answers

All of the listed answers

Which Party is Chair of the Standing Committee under CITES?

Columbia

France

Phillipines

United States

United States

Which Division in USFWS oversees rule making and issuance of permits and certificates under CITES?

World Bank

Division of Scientific Authority

World Wildlife Fund

Division of Management Authority

Division of Management Authority

International trade in species of conservation concern is monitored by the _______________________________________.

US Fish and Wildlife Service

World Bank

Convention for International Trade in Endangered Species

World Wildlife Fund

Convention for International Trade in Endangered Species

The USFWS Division of _____________________________ provides technical and scientific advice to implement CITES, and evaluates status of species to guide decisions concerning inclusion in CITES Appendices.

World Wildlife Fund

Wildlife Trade Information System

Scientific Authority

Division of Management Authority

Scientific Authority

In monitoring, the CITES __________________________ compiles annual reports on all authorized trade to help monitor trends and ensure sustainability.

Cybercrime Unit

Poaching Authorities

Monitoring Inventory

Trade Database

Trade Database

Under CITES, there are 3 appendices - which appendix is for the most endangered species, including species threatened with extinction and affected by trade?

Appendix I

Appendix III

Apendix II

No answer text provided.

Appendix I

CITES was designed to regulate trade in species (or their parts) in danger of extinction, partly or wholly due to international trade. The term trade is defined as ______________________________________________.

Any export and/or import between nations conducted noncommercially

Any export and/or import between nations conducted both commercially or on a noncommercial basis

Any export and/or import between nations conducted commercially

Any export and/or import between nations conducted both commercially or on a noncommercial basis

Under Appendix II in CITES, species can be traded only if exporting nation issues permit indicating CITES authority considers trade to be _______________to the species.

Detrimental

Non-detrimental

Advantageous

Limits viability but does not cause extinction

Non-detrimental

Under CITES, signatory countries or Parties are obliged to ____________ global trade in plant, wildlife, and wildlife products.

Enhance

Monitor

Supervise

Eliminate

Monitor

A CITES member nation may take out a ___________ on the listing of a particular species that may or may not occur within its borders, allowing the nation to trade a threatened or endangered species.

Appeal

Stop Order

Special Order

Reservation

Reservation

How many geographic regions globally participate in CITES?

Four

Eight

Six

Ten

Six

Under CITES, Appendix III list species that are protected by ___________ country(s) and request assistance from other CITES Parties to control trade.

three or more countries

two countries

at least one country

at least one country