AP psyc 2nd semester

Topic 7: Developmental Psych Pt 2 (3.4 - 3.6)

sensorimotor

(birth-2years)

experience world thru senses, actions

Object Permanence

starts developing from which stage

awareness that things continue to exist even when not perceived

sensorimotor (around 6mon-)

Egocentrism

develops in which stage?

inability to solve problems using another's pov

preoperational

Preoperational

(2 - 6/7 years old)

proficiency in mental symbols (words, images) & pretend play

intuitive rather than logic

Animism

belief that nature is alive, nature has feelings

(ex. of egocentrism)

collective monologue

two children talking to each other about completely different things (ex. of egocentrism)

artificialism

natural phenomena are created by people (ex. of egocentrism)

(ex. Someone piled up dirt to make that mountain)

conservation

which stage lacks this?

the idea that properties such as mass, volume, and number remain the same despite changes in appearance

preoperational

Reversibility

which stage lacks this?

understanding that actions, processes, or operations can be reversed

preoperational

Theory of mind

develop in what stage?

ability to attribute mental states to ourselves and others

preoperational

concrete operational

(7-11years)

thinking logically (ex. algebra)

• can classify/categorize (colors, shapes)

• know conservation

formal operational

(12 years-)

abstract reasoning

Vygotsky finding

children learn through social interaction

(including play with peers, parents, and "experts")

Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD)

-area of knowledge just beyond a child's abilities

(difficult to do alone, but can be done w/ guidance)

-children learn best at this level

Scaffolding

activities to help you through ZPD

Support is tapered off when no longer necessary

(ex. bicycle training wheels)

Dementia

decline in cognitive function affecting memory, thinking, and daily activities (typically in older adults)

Phonemes

Smallest units of sound in language

(Ex: b, a, t in "bat")

Morphemes

Smallest units of meaning in language

(Ex: "un-" + "happy" = "unhappy")

Semantics

Meaning of words and phrases

Ex: Multiple meanings of "bank" (riverbank vs. financial)

Grammar

rules governing the structure of language

Syntax

rules for word order and sentence structure

(ex. "dog chased cat" vs. "cat chased dog"

Stages of Language Development

Overgeneralization of Rules

Applying a language rule too broadly

(ex. goed instead of went)

Ecological Systems Theory

development is rooted in layers of environmental and social factors which evolve overtime

micro->meso->exo->macro->chrono

parenting styles

(in order best -> worse)

Authoritative, permissive, authoritarian, neglecting

individualist

independence

self-expression

autonomy

collectivist

interdependence

community

group harmony

Secure attachment

Confident, trusting relationships

Distress when caregiver leaves

↳ Easily comforted when return

70% of population

Avoidant (type of insecure attachment)

Disinterest in attachment

Little distress when the caregiver leaves

↳avoids them upon return.

Anxious (type of insecure attachment)

Clinginess, fear of abandonment

Intense distress when the caregiver leaves.

Difficult to console upon reunion, ambivalence or anger.

Disorganized(type of insecure attachment)

Inconsistent responses

Trauma/Inconsistent Caregiving

↳ Contradictory behaviors (approaching caregiver but looking away)

temperament

biological predispositions to react emotionally and behaviorally to their environment

Surrogate Mother Experiments

Comfort cloth mother > nourishing wire mother

Separation Anxiety

Heightened fear or distress when away from a caregiver

Parallel Play

Playing side-by-side but not interacting.

Pretend Play

Imaginative play fostering creativity and social skills.

Adolescent Egocentrism

heightened self-focus; belief in personal uniqueness

Personal Fable

Feeling uniquely special or invincible

↳ invulnerable compared to others → increased risk taking

Imaginary Audience

Belief everyone is watching them

(overconfidence and lack of confidence)

Social Clock

culturally appropriate timing for life events like marriage, parenthood, and retirement

Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE)

Potentially traumatic events that occur during childhood

(include abuse, neglect, Household dysfunction)

infancy (-1year) issue

trust v. mistrust

Basic Trust → rely on environment (& caregiver)

Is the world safe and reliable?

toddler (1-3y) issue

Autonomy vs. Shame/Doubt

Am I capable of independence?

Independence w/out fear because parents are still near

preschool (3-6y) issue

initiative v. guilt

Can I make decisions and take action?

Safe play → express themself w/out fear of getting in trouble

elementary (6y- puberty) issue

Industry vs. Inferiority

Can I achieve and be competent?