Manifest Destiny + Foreign Policy

How did railroads become an economic multiplier?

It pushed for RR companies to buy land, it boosted coal and oil mines for fuel, human labor for building tracks, iron and wood for nails and tracks.

Who painted “Manifest Destiny?”

John Gast

In “Manifest Destiny” what was the order of the settlers moving west?

First were the prospectors, then the farmers, then settlers.

How was Native relocation justified?

It was believed that Natives were in a state of arrested development and that they were not cultivating their god given land.

What was the Treaty of Kanagawa?

It was a treaty that opened Japan and America to trade, which opened a market on the West Coast.

Why was the Treaty of Kanagawa passed according to internal U.S. interests.

A big belief in Westward Expansion was taking civilization back to where it began in Mongolia/China.

China was also a great place to create a market due to its immense population.

Opening Japan to trade would create a fueling destination.

Who painted “Westward the Course of Empire Takes Its Way”

Emanuel Leutze

In “Westward the Course of Empire Takes Its Way”, why are the plains depicted as a valley of darkness?

The abundance of the infertile plains and the natives that lived in them proved to be deadly for those who crossed them on foot or alone due to lack of food and native threats.

How did the “Valley of Darkness” effect foreign policy?

If Americans were to expand Westward, they would have to settle these plains, therefore western trade would have to be opened to feed the plain’s inhabitants.

How were native’s attempted to be civilized?

Missionaries were sent out to convert them to Christianity.

Who wrote the “Frontier Hypothesis”?

Frederick Jackson Turner

According to the “Frontier Hypothesis”, when did the Frontier end.

In 1890, when the Census recorded that there were an equal amount of people living in the West as well as the East.

According to the Frontier Hypothesis, what is a frontier?

The border between civilization and wilderness

According to the Frontier Hypothesis, what does a frontier do as civilization expands?

It shrinks

According to the Frontier Hypothesis, were there multiple frontiers or just one?

Multiple.

According to the Frontier Hypothesis, what were the waves of frontiers?

First was a wave of trappers, then miners, then farmers, then settlers, then ranchers.

What American theme can be found on the Frontier?

The theme of Westward expansion from Manifest Destiny.

What did Frederick Jackson Turner believe America was formed by? What did others before him believe?

The Frontier and Westward expansion, not English roots?

Why did Turner believe we were shaped by the Frontier? (three reasons)

The Frontier wilderness created a composite nationality, because we had to adapt to survive in solitude.

It gave an opportunity to create nationalism, which is the losing of European influences as civilization moves away from the coast.

It gave us a unique economical safety valve, which allowed the financially troubled or oppressed to find work and land in the West.

How does the Frontier Hypothesis show evidence that Manifest Destiny effected foreign policy?

Westward expansion caused the population to move away from European influences and depend less on foreign trade and focus more on internal commerce.

What is the central idea within isolationism?

The western and eastern hemisphere (New and Old World) are to develop independently and not become entangled.

Can isolationism be applied to individuals as well as nations? Why or why not?

Yes, in westward expansion, frontiersmen were isolating themselves from civilization and developing independently as well.

What is another principle of isolationism that America set into effect in its foreign policy?

Non-Interventionism (we are not to interfere with old world matters)

How is foreign policy effected by isolationism?

We become less dependent on Europe and begin developing internal commerce.

How do we become less dependent on Europe? (two ways)

Western Trade, Internal Improvements (like government funded Railroads)

What did the Monroe Doctrine do for Westward Expansion what did Manifest Destiny do for westward expansion.

Monroe Doctrine gave time for westward expansion, manifest destiny gave the rationale.

What was the Monroe Doctrine?

It was a statement to Europe telling them to not colonize the America’s any more.

Where was the Monroe Doctrine given?

In James Monroe’s annual message to Congress.

Why was the Monroe Doctrine passed? (three reasons)

America wanted to monopolize on Latin AMerican trade.

It supported isolationism and non-intervensionism.

It gave America the chance to become the biggest power in the western hemisphere

What were the three principles in the Monroe Doctrine?

The Non-Colonization Principle

The Two-Spheres Policy

The Hands-Off Policy

How were the three principles in the Monroe Doctrine exemplified?

Non-Colonization- America urged European nations like Spain, Britain, Russia, and France not to colonize the Americas any more

Two-Spheres- America did not intervene with Greece and focuses on Western-Hemisphere developments

Hands-Off Policy- They declared any attempt to colonize the Americas would not be tolerated.

Which principle did the refusal of George Canning’s offer by JQA show?

Hands-Off, America was for the Americans.

According to O’Sullivan, what was Manifest Destiny’s mission?

To carry peace and goodwill to the people who are in the darkness of ignorance and despotism.

According to O’Sullivan, what could not impede Manifest Destiny?

Retrograde movement

Is isolationism in time, space, or both?

Both, America separated from the past with new legislature, literature, law, and government.

According to Geoffrey Ferret, who drove Manifest Destiny? Why did they drive it?

The mechanical and agricultural workforce (the masses). They drove it in search of security in natural borders.

How did acquiring land for Manifest Destiny effect foreign policy.

Acquiring land took treaties from Mexico for Texas, Britain for parts of Maine, Spain for Florida and parts of Alabama, and the Red River Valley through convention with Britain.