Art Appreciation Chapter 2 Test

Everything needed to know for 2nd art appreciation test

Works of art from the past are:

still with us today

One to one communication occurs even when artists are:

separated by thousands of years

Our knowledge of art history is constantly growing because of:

restorations and excavations (I.e. Pompeii, Italy)

How does art today differ from historical art?

photo reproductions, printing, and electronic media

25 years per:

generation

USA began ____ generations ago

10

Renaissance was ___ generations ago

25

Jesus Christ lived ____ generations ago

80

Buddha lived ____ generations ago

100

Prehistoric period was ____ generations ago

300

Paleolithic period:

old stone age

2 millions:

1st stone-cutting tool, east central Africa

1 million years:

Africa/Asia/Europe, chipped flakes off stone to create sharp cutting edges

750,000 years:

symmetrical axe

100,000 years:

sprinkled powders and beads suggest practicing rituals

77,000 years:

engraved symbols

40,000 years:

sophisticated examples of art, sculptures and cave paintings

During end of the last ice age, hunter-gatherers followed animals they depended on for:

food

Hunter-gatherers moved northward in Europe as:

ice sheet slowly melted

Chauvet cave located in:

South Central France

Chauvet cave made:

30,000 years ago

Chauvet cave discovered in:

1994

Chauvet cave contained:

wall paintings of animals, painted with charcoal and earthen pigments

Chauvet cave paintings lifelike because of:

careful observation gained through direct contact with animals

2 possible reasons for cave paintings:

1. bring spirits of the animals into hunt-related rituals

2. sanctuaries where youth were initiated in ceremonies

Neolithic period:

new stone age, occurred 1st in middle east between 9000-6000 BC

Neolithic period major turning point in history due to:

agricultural revolution

Agricultural revolution:

small agricultural communities with stabilized human life that produced early architecture and other technical advances such as pottery

Neolithic period people changed from nomadic hunters to:

stable village farmers

Differences between Paleolithic and Neolithic:

1. paleolithic nomads, neolithic farmers

2. paleolithic: lifelike art, neolithic: abstract/geometric shapes

3. pottery invented b/c of agricultural revolution to store seeds and food. Invention of pottery lead to abstract art for decoration purposes. Abstraction turned animals in art into symbols

Symbols lead to pictographs or picture-writing, which led to:

writing

Writing led to:

early civilization

Civilization:

cultures that have fairly complex social order and technical development

Key elements of early civilization:

food production, occupational civilization, writing, and production of bronze

Earliest civilizations occurred in the four fertile river valleys:

Tigris and Euphrates Rivers— Iraq

Nile River— Egypt

Indus River— west Pakistan and India

Yellow River— northern China

Mesopotamia started in:

4th millennium BC, lasting 3,000 years

Mesopotamia was home to:

Tigris Euphrates River Valley

Mesopotamia was vulnerable to:

repeated invasions

First civilization occurred in:

Sumer

Sumerians developed:

world’s first writing, the wheel, and the plow

In Sumer city-states:

religion and government were one

Ziggurat:

temples on huge platforms that stood at the center of each Sumerian city-state

Sumerians worshiped:

nature gods

Biblical tower of Babel:

likely a ziggurat

Egypt:

occurred at same time as Mesopotamia (4th millennium BC, lasting 3,000 years)

Egypt river valley:

Nile River Valley

Deserts on both side of Nile:

protected Egypt from invasion

Deserts allowed Egyptians to develop distinct styles of:

architecture, painting, and sculpture

Egyptian art remained unchanged for:

2500 years

Great Pyramids:

mountain-like structure used as burial vaults for pharaohs, greatest example of Egyptian art

Pharaohs:

Egyptian rulers that were considered god-kings

Egyptian religious belief distinguished by:

emphasis on life after death

Egyptian art characterized by:

compact solidly-structured figures that embodied qualities of strength and geometric clarity

King Tutankhamen:

best known pharaoh today, has one of only tombs left intact, grave robbers stole from other tombs

Greece:

5th Century BC

Three Greek periods:

archaic, classical, and hellenistic

Archaic:

influenced by Egypt and the Near East

Classical:

emphasizes rational simplicity, order, and restrained emotion, goes on to inspire Neoclassicism and Renaissance

Hellenistic:

“Greek-like”, artists turned from idealism to imperfect aspects of life and humanity

What distinguished Greeks from Europe and Asia was:

their attitudes towards being human

Humans were the closest thing to perfection in physical form and with:

power to reason

Believed Greek gods had human weaknesses and Greek mortals had:

Godlike strength

Individualism lead to:

development of democracy and naturalistic art forms

Plato taught about:

the ideal form

To create the individual:

became the goal for Greek artists

Greeks developed three architectural orders:

doric, ionic, corinthian

Capitals in architecture:

the top part, or cap stone, or head of a column or pillar

Doric:

first one, simple, geometric, and sturdy

Ionic:

taller and more dynamic than Doric

Corinthian:

complex and organic

Other Greek facts:

interest in anatomy, inspired the Renaissance

Contrapposto (Classical phase):

defined as counter posed. made figures lifelike and in movement

Ancient Rome by 2nd century BC:

became major power in Western world

How Roman culture affected our life:

systems of law and govt, calendar, festivals, religions, languages. Art became worthy of historical study

Romans were practical and materialistic people, and their art reflects these characteristics:

few changes made to greek style, but portraiture achieved high degree of individuality rarely found in greek sculpture

Rome’s greatest artistic acheivement:

civil engineering, town planning, architecture, and developing the semi circle

Concrete was developed and used in:

Roman construction

Pantheon:

Roman architecture

Portico:

greek porch

Coffer:

recessed squares

Oculus:

eye, opening

Catacombs:

underground burial chambers for Christians in Ancient Rome, decorated the walls and ceilings w paintings emphasizing the story of christ and other religious figures

330, Constantine moved Roman Empire to Byzantium which he renamed to:

Constantinople (modern Istanbul)

395, the Empire divided with one Emperor in Rome and another in Constantinople:

center became known as the Byzantine Empire

Decline of of Roman Empire due to constant invasion from:

Germanic tribes

Decline of Roman Empire LEAD TO:

LEAD TO Middle Ages

Because of Constantine we find the first:

Christian art and architecture

Roman basilica:

assembly hall for use in public worship

Apse:

semicircle end to an aisle in a basilica or Christian church

Nave (place for congregation):

tall central space of church/cathedral usually flanked with side aisles

Renaissance (1400-1600 AD):

Rebirth

Renaissance revived interest in:

art and ideas of classical Greece and Rome

Renaissance pursued:

intellectual and scientific inquiry

Renaissance rediscovered:

classical literature and art of Greece and Rome

Renaissance attitude shifted from God and hereafter to:

humankind and the here and now

Renaissance was a period of:

achievement and worldwide exploration

During renaissance, new scientific approaches were brought to the quest for:

representational accuracy

Anatomy:

became a science

Applied geometry was used to:

imply space through the use of linear perspective

Giotto:

precursor of the Renaissance, re-inventor of naturalistic painting