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Turn of the Century

The period of time from the late 1800s to early 1900s.

Transcontinental Railroad

A train route across the United States finished in 1869, built by the Union Pacific and Central Pacific railroads.

Railhead

A town where railroad tracks begin or end.

Telegraph

A device that sends electrical signals over wires.

Cattle Drive

The process of moving a herd of cattle from one place to another, usually by cowboys on horses.

Cattle Trail

A trail over which cattle were driven to market.

Cowboy

A man, typically on horseback, who herds and tends cattle.

Black Cowboys of Texas

African-American men who made up 25% of workers in the cattle industry.

Chisholm Trail

An important cattle trail in the late 1800s that took cattle from Texas to various railheads.

Great Western Cattle Trail

An important cattle trail in the late 1800s that transported cattle from Texas to Nebraska.

Alexander Graham Bell

An inventor known for revolutionizing communication with the invention of the telephone.

George Washington Carver

An inventor who improved southern farming through crop rotation and created products from peanuts and other crops.

Thomas Edison

An inventor with over 1,000 patents, known for the phonograph, light bulb, and electrical system.

Wright Brothers

Inventors and aviation pioneers who built the first successful airplane.

Annex

To seize and take control of another country or area of land.

Panama Canal

A narrow passage through Central America connecting the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans, facilitating faster shipping.

Spanish-American War

A conflict between Spain and the United States over territories including Cuba, Puerto Rico, the Philippines, and Guam.

Theodore Roosevelt

A hero of the Spanish-American War who became president after McKinley's assassination and built the Panama Canal.

William McKinley

The 25th president of the United States who focused on imperialism and led the U.S. to victory in the Spanish-American War.

Yellow Journalism

Exaggerated news writing intended to shock and attract readers.

Imperialism

The policy of building empires by adding colonies.

The Maine

A U.S. Navy ship whose explosion in Havana Harbor contributed to the outbreak of the Spanish-American War.

Immigration

The act of coming into a country to live and work.

Migration

The act of moving from one place to another.

Emigrate

To leave one's own country to move to another.

Push Factor

A reason for someone to leave a certain place.

Pull Factor

A reason for someone to go to a certain place.

Ellis Island

An immigration hub located in New York.

Angel Island

An immigration hub located in San Francisco.