Foundation of Cells: Atoms & (Macro) molecules

Abiogenesis

life from non life

Elements for life

Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Sulfur

2 types of bonds

intramolecular, intermolecular

intramolecular

bonds elements inside the molecule

intermolecular

bonds elements together

protons

positively charged molecules

neutrons

neutrally charged molecules

electrons

negatively charged molecules

protons + neutrons =

nucleus

innermost shell can hold…

2 electrons

rings after the innermost shell is…

8 electrons

unstable molecule

unfilled ring

valence shell

the outermost shell of any atom

covalent bond

formed when atoms share pairs of electrons

covalent bond subtypes

nonpolar, polar

nonpolar bond in hydrogen molecule

electrons are exactly in the middle

polar covalent bond in water molecule

provides a negative charge (positives hydrogens; negative oxygens)

electronegativity

how strongly an atom will attract electrons to itself

one covalent bond

shares a pair of electrons

double covalent bond

shares two pairs of electrons (4 total)

triple covalent bond

shares three pairs of electrons (6 total)

the more bonds…

the harder it is to break apart

ionic bonds

one atom completely donates an electron to another (not by sharing)

atoms are most stable when…

their valence shell is full

water is…

polar molecule, uneven electrical charge, interacts easily with other polar/charged molecules

hydrogen bond

partially positive since it is covalently bound to a more electronegative atom (like oxygen)

electrical interaction

a partially positive hydrogen atom placed near another electronegative atom causes an…

reactants

high potential energy

products

low potential energy

chemical functional group

elements that have a particular shape with consistent functions in metabolism

acid is a proton donor and…

adds H to the surrounding solution

base is proton acceptor and…

removes H from the surrounding solution