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Abiogenesis
life from non life
Elements for life
Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Sulfur
2 types of bonds
intramolecular, intermolecular
intramolecular
bonds elements inside the molecule
intermolecular
bonds elements together
protons
positively charged molecules
neutrons
neutrally charged molecules
electrons
negatively charged molecules
protons + neutrons =
nucleus
innermost shell can hold…
2 electrons
rings after the innermost shell is…
8 electrons
unstable molecule
unfilled ring
valence shell
the outermost shell of any atom
covalent bond
formed when atoms share pairs of electrons
covalent bond subtypes
nonpolar, polar
nonpolar bond in hydrogen molecule
electrons are exactly in the middle
polar covalent bond in water molecule
provides a negative charge (positives hydrogens; negative oxygens)
electronegativity
how strongly an atom will attract electrons to itself
one covalent bond
shares a pair of electrons
double covalent bond
shares two pairs of electrons (4 total)
triple covalent bond
shares three pairs of electrons (6 total)
the more bonds…
the harder it is to break apart
ionic bonds
one atom completely donates an electron to another (not by sharing)
atoms are most stable when…
their valence shell is full
water is…
polar molecule, uneven electrical charge, interacts easily with other polar/charged molecules
hydrogen bond
partially positive since it is covalently bound to a more electronegative atom (like oxygen)
electrical interaction
a partially positive hydrogen atom placed near another electronegative atom causes an…
reactants
high potential energy
products
low potential energy
chemical functional group
elements that have a particular shape with consistent functions in metabolism
acid is a proton donor and…
adds H to the surrounding solution
base is proton acceptor and…
removes H from the surrounding solution
