03.1B BIO Bacteria (PART B)

Archaebacteria & Eubacteria

Two kingdoms that are made up solely of prokaryotes

Eubacteria

This kingdom consists of bacteria that live everywhere on Earth and have peptidoglycan in cell walls

Archaebacteria

This kingdom consists of bacteria that typically live in extreme environments, do NOT have peptidoglycan in their cell walls

Peptidoglycan

A protein carbohydrate compound found in the cell walls of eubacteria

Bacterial Cell Wall

A structure that protects and gives shape to the bacterial cell that may or may not include peptidoglycan

Bacterial Cell Membrane

A structure that controls the movement of materials in and out of the cell; also contains enzymes important to cellular respiration

Cytoplasm

Gel-like substance that contains DNA, ribosomes, essential compounds

Bacterial Chromosome

circular thread of DNA that contains the cell's genetic information

Pilus

A short. thick hair-like protein structure that allows a bacterium to attach to other bacteria and surfaces.

Flagellum

Long whip-like structure that allows the cell to move

Bacilli (rod-shaped)

Bacteria that are rod-shaped; example includes Bacillus anthracis that causes anthrax

Cocci

Bacteria that are round; examples include staph infections and Gonherrea

Spirillum

Bacteria that have one or more twists; examples include

Syphillis and Lyme Disease

Bacterial modes of nutrition

Phototrophs, chemotrophs and heterotrophs

Bacterial Photoautotrophs

Bacteria that use light to make their own food; example includes cyanobacteria

Bacterial Chemoautotrophs

Bacteria that use high energy molecules to make their own food; example include some archaebacteria that live in ocean vents

Bacterial Heterotrophs

Bacteria that rely on other organisms for their energy and food supply; examples include decomposers

Binary fission

A form of asexual reproduction in single-celled organisms by which one cell divides into two cells of the same size; most common form of reproduction

Conjugation

In bacteria, a type of sexual reproduction in which two bacteria exchange pieces of DNA through the pili.

Bacerial endopore

A structure that can be formed by many species of bacteria that allow them to survive harsh conditions

Ideal conditions for bacterial growth

Temperature between 80˚F to 100˚F

Moist

Dark

lenty of food

Role of Bacteria in the Environment

Producers in many ecosystems that capture energy by photosynthesis.

Decomposers in many ecosystems that break down the nutrients in dead matter.

Nitrogen-fixing bacteria help to convert nitrogen in the atmosphere into a form that plants can use.

Bacteria as Decomposers

Bacteria help recycle nutrients and remove wastes from water

Nitrogen Fixers

Some bacteria help to convert nitrogen in the atmosphere (N2) into a form that can be used by plants

Human uses of bacteria

- Make foods and beverages such as butter, cheese, yogurt, sauerkraut, and vinegar

- Tan leather, make linen, cure tobacco

- Remove wastes and poisons from water

- Mine minerals from the ground

- Synthesize drugs and chemicals via genetic engineering

- Produce vitamins in human intestines

Bacterial Infections (Examples)

Lyme Disease

Tetanus

Tuberculosis

Bacterial meningitis

Staphylococcus infection

Strep throat

Bacterial Infections (Treatment)

Antibiotics

Antibiotics

Drugs used to treat bacterial infections; examples include penicillin, ampicillin, sulfa drugs, etc.

Antibiotic resistance

Bacteria either evolve by mutation or acquire from another bacterium the ability to survive and not respond to treatment by antibiotics

Two ways bacteria cause disease

Damage the cells and tissues of the infected organism by breaking down the cells for food.

Release toxins (poisons) that travel throughout the body interfering with the normal activity of the host.

Methods used to control bacterial growth

Sterilization, disinfectants, food processing, pasteurization

Pasteurization

A process of heating food to a temperature that is high enough to kill most harmful bacteria without changing the taste of the food.

Sterilization

The process of destroying all microbes

Disinfectants

Chemical products that destroy all bacteria, fungi, and viruses (but not spores) on surfaces.

Food processing

Bacteria can cause food to spoil.

Refrigerated food stays fresh longer because the bacteria will take longer to multiply.

Boiling, frying, or steaming can sterilize certain foods.