psychological development

the changes in an organism that have a lasting effect

development

emotional development, cognitive development, social development , physical development

types of development

when you are expected to have developed something by a certain point in your life

developmental norms

the characteristics that are transmitted from biological parents to their offspring

hereditary factors

all experiences, objects and events which we are exposed throughout our lifetime

environmental factors

the hereditary factors

nature

the environmental factors

nurture

a way to describe and explain development through the interaction of biological, psychological and social factors

the biopsychosocial model

the genes we inherit

biological factors

memories and emotions

psychological factors

retaining relationships

social factors

a complex reaction pattern to a personally significant event

emotion

the inner, personal experience of an emotion

subjective feelings

the outward sign that an emotion is being experienced

expressive behaviour

when an emotion involves a change in heart rate, blood pressure or breathing rate

physiological responses

the emotional bond which forms between an infant and another person

attachment

a standardised test for measuring the attachment relationship between a child has with their parent

ainsworths theory of attachment

the distress and uneasiness experienced by young children when they are around people they are unfamiliar with

stranger anxiety

indicated by the distress and uneasiness when away from the person and people to whom they are attached to

separation anxiety

attachment with a balance between dependence and exploration

secure attachment

does not seek closeness or contact with caregiver

insecure avoidant attachment

the infant appears anxious even when the caregiver is near they become very upset when separated from the caregiver

insecure resistant attachment

infants show inconsistent or odd and contradictory behaviours during separation from and reunion their caregivers

disorganised attachment

anyone or anything which 'substitutes for' or 'plays the part of' something else

surrogate

involves the absence of the opportunity to satisfy something that is needed

privation

typical behaviour

behaviour that would usually occur and is appropriate and expected in a given situation

atypical behaviour

behaviour that is not typical - it differs markedly in some way from what is expected in a given situation

the 5 perspectives of atypical behaviour

personal distress, maladaptive behaviour, cultural behaviour, statistical rarity and social norms

personal distress

identified based on the level of distress or suffering experienced by the individual

maladaptive behaviour

any behaviour that is counterproductive with the individuals ability to successfully adapt and fufill their typical role in society

cultural perspectives

the influence of society and community on ones thoughts and actions

statistical rarity

something that lies outside the range of statistical normality and is also unusual enough to be considered significant

social norms

widely held standards that govern what people should and shouldn't do in different situations

neurodiversity

a term used to describe people whose neurological development and cognitive functioning are atypical and therefore deviate from what is considered typical or normal in the general population

autism - ASD

a neurological disorder that affects the way people communicate and interact with others and the world

autism characteristics

poor eye contact, delayed speech development, limited range of speech and facial expressions, difficulty interacting and communicating with others

attention deficit hyperactivity disorder - ADHD

a disorder involving a persistent pattern of inattention, hyperactive or impulsive behaviour

ADHD characteristics

hyperactivity, impulsivity, difficulty following rules, holding attention

disability

is any impairment that makes in significantly more difficult for a person to undertake everyday activities

learning disability

any disorder that impairs learning and results in the person learning with greater disability than a person without a disability

dyslexia

a learning disability characterised by significant difficulties with accurate and fluent word reading, spelling and writing words

dyslexia characteristics

difficulty reading simple words, difficulty learning letter names and sounds

developmental dyslexia

is present from birth and is lifelong

acquired dyslexia

results from brain injury or damage

dyscalculia

a condition that affects the ability the acquire mathematical concepts and skills

dyscalculia characteristics

counting, learning basic math facts, understanding concepts

dyspraxia

a condition that affects physical coordination and sometimes speech, it can be developed or acquired

dyspraxia characteristics

dressing themsleves, self-care, sports participation and domestic skills

psychologist

a professional trained in the science of how people, think, feel and behave

psychiatrist

a psychologist that is a qualified medical doctor and can prescribe medication

assessment

involves collecting and interpreting information about how a person thinks, feels and behave in order to make a diagnosis so that appropriate treatment can be provided

interview

a face to face interview to explore and understand the presenting problem, they will ask about the persons symptoms, concerns, thoughts, feelings and behaviours. as well as their family, school, work and other life experiences

behavioural observations

the mental health professional will watch for cues and expressive behaviour that may have diagnostic influence

psychological testing

a wide variety of valid and reliable standardised tests devised for people for all ages and abilities are available

the DSM

provides a system for classifying and diagnosing mental disorders based on widely recognised signs and symptoms

sensorimotor stage

infants until the age of 2 explore and learn about the world primarily through their senses and motor activities

pre-operational stage

2-7 years, they become increasingly able to mentally represent objects and experiences

concrete operational stage

7-12 years, the child is now capable of logical thoughts and can perform mental operations - involves the ability to accurately imagine the consequences of something without needing to do it

formal operational stage

12+ years, a way of thinking that does not rely on being able to see, visualise, experience or manipulate in order to understand something

stage 1 : trust v mistrust

0 - 18 months

stage 2 : autonomy v shame and doubt

18 months - 3 years involves a conflict between autonomy at one extreme and shame and doubt at the other

stage 3 : initiative v guilt

3 - 5 years

stage 4 : industry v inferiority

5-12 years, involves a conflict between industry at one extreme and inferiority at the other

stage 5 : identity v role confusion

12-18 years

stage 6 : intimacy v isolation

18-25 years, of psychosocial development involves a conflict between intimacy at one extreme and isolation at the other

stage 7 : generativity v stagnation

25-65 years

stage 8 : integrity v despair

65+ years