PATHO LECTURE 3 (chapter 24) EXAM 2

a human adult has how much blood

5L or 1.3 gallons

blood is made up of what

cellular components (45%) and plasma (55%)

what are the cellular components of blood

erythrocytes (red blood cells), leukocytes (white blood cells), and thrombocytes (platelets)

what are the 5 types of leukocytes

neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, and basophils

what is plasma

pale yellow fluid (extracellular matrix of blood cells)

plasma is made up of what

90% H2O and 10% proteins (albumin, fibrinogen, and globulins)

what is the most important/abundant protein in the blood

albumin

what protein helps in clotting

fibrinogen

what protein has antibodies

globulins

what are the functions of blood

transport of oxygen, carbon dioxide, hormones, nutrients, and metabolic waste products; regulation of body temperature, acid-base balance, and immune response

how many different blood types are there

8

the process of separating blood into its component parts is called what

blood fractionation

how is blood fractionation performed

by centrifuging blood

what is hematocrit

percentage of blood volume that is RBCs

what are the components of centrifuged blood

plasma, buffy coat, and erythrocytes

what is the order of the least dense to most dense components in centrifuged blood

plasma, then buffy coat, then erythrocytes

what is hematopoiesis

process of formation, development, and maturation of blood cells

when does hematopoiesis occur, where does it occur, and what happens in it

starts before birth and continues throughout life

occurs in the bone marrow, liver, and spleen

old cells are continuously replaced with new cells to maintain steady numbers

what are some alternative names for hematopoiesis

hemopoiesis, hematogenesis, and hemogenesis

blood cells are derived from a single pool of stem cells in the bone marrow called what

pluripotent stem cells

pluripotent stem cells give rise to what

lymphoid stem cells and myeloid stem cells

lymphoid stem cells do what

differentiate and eventually develop into B cells, T cells, and NK cells (which are different types of lymphocytes)

myeloid stem cells do what

differentiate and eventually develop along the erythrocyte/megakaryocyte pathway (into erythrocytes and thrombocytes) and the granulocyte/monocyte pathway (into neutrophils eosinophils, basophils, and monocytes)

pathway of pluripotent stem cells into NK cell, T cell and plasma cell

Pluripotent stem cells turn into lymphoid stem cells which turn into NK progenitor, T cell progenitor, and B cell progenitor which turn into NK cell, T cell, and B cell into Plasma cell respectively

pathway of pluripotent stem cells into monocyte

pluripotent stem cell to myeloid stem cell to monocyte progenitor to monoblast to monocyte

pathway of pluripotent stem cells into eosinophils, neutrophils, and basophils

pluripotent stem cell into myeloid stem cell into granulocyte progenitor into eosinophil, neutrophil, and basophil

pathway of pluripotent stem cells into platelets

pluripotent stem cells into myeloid stem cells into megakaryoblast into megakaryocyte into platelets

pathway of pluripotent stem cells into erythrocytes

pluripotent stem cells into myeloid stem cell into erythroblast into reticulocyte into eryhtrocyte

what are hematopoietic growth factors

hormone-like regulatory molecules that help in the survival , differentiation, and proliferation of progenitor cells, as well as the functional ativation of mature cells

what is the alternative name of hematopoietic growth factors

colony stimulating factors

what are examples of hematopoietic growth factors

EPO, TPO, and GM-CSF

what is EPO and where is it produced

erythropoietin produced in the kidneys

what is TPO and where is it produced

thrombopoietin produced in the liver

what is GM-CSF and where is it produced

granulocyte-monocyte colony stimulating factor produced by endothelial cells

what is hematology

study of blood and blood-related disorders (inncluding their etiology, prevention, and treatment)

what do hematology nurses specialized in

caring for patients who are dealing with different kinds of blood related diorders, including educating them and their families

how are leukocytes classified

based on the presence or absene of enzyme containg cytoplasmic granules

what are the granulocytes and where do they circulate

neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils that circulate in the blood

what are agranulocytes and where do they circulate

monocytes--circulate in the blood and lymphocytes (B cells, T cells, NK cells)--migrate between the blood and the lymphatic system

what is the most abundant white blood cell

neutrophils

what do the granules of neutrophils appear as when stained

stain lightly with both acidic and basic dyes, apperaring as a neutral pink

how are nuclei set up in neutrophils

nuclei are divided into 3-5 lobes

what is another name for neutrophils and what do they primarily do

polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) primarily respond to bacterial and fungal infections by phagocytosis and releasing enzymes (first line of defense)

what are the most abundant to least abundant leukocytes

neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, then basophils

how do the granules of eosinophils stain

bright red with an acidic dye known as eosin

how are nuceli divded in eosinophils

divided into 2 lobes

what do eosinophils primarily respond to

primarily respond to parasitic infections by releasing enzymes and other molecules that are toxic to parasites

how do the granules of basophils stain

stain dark blue with a basic dye known as hematoxylin

how are nuclei divided in basophils

divided into 2 lobes

basophils primarily respond to what

allergens by releasing heparin (anticoagulant) and histamine (vasodilator), like mast cells in connective tissues

characteristics of granules in monocytes

lack distinct cytoplasmic granules

nuclei characteristics of monocytes

nuclei are kidney shaped

monocytes primarily do what

respond to bacterial infections by leaving blood vessels at the site of inflammation and transforming into tissue macrophages that pahgocytose bacteria

lymphocytes are similar in size to what

red blood cells

granule characteristics in lymphocytes

lack distinct cytoplasmic granules

characteristics of nuclei in lymphocytes

nuclei are spherical

lymphocytes primarily respond to what

viral infections-B cells and T cell are part of the adaptive immune system (highly specific to a pathogen), but NK cells are part of the innate immune system (not specific)

lymphocytes are what kind of cell and where to the mature and travel to

B cells; mature in the bone marrow, and then travel to the lymph nodes and spleen

upon interaction with a specific pathogen , naive B cells tranform into what

effector B cells; most effector B cells transform into plasma cells and some effector B cells transform into memory B cells

what do plasma cell produce when they are transformed from effector B cells

produce and secrete large volumes of antibodies into the circulation that bind to and destory the pathogen

what can memory B cells recognize

returning pathogens

what do B cells provide

humoral adaptive immunity

T cells leave what and travel where

leave the bone marrow as precursor T cells, travel to the thymus for maturation, and then travel to the lymph nodes and spleen

upon interaction with a specific pathogen naive T cells transform into what

effector T cells

CD4+ helper T cells do what

help plasma cells (terminally differentiated B cells) produce and secrete antibodies

CD8+ cytoxic T cells do what

kill intracellular pathogens some effector T cells transform into memory T cells that can recognize returning pathogens

T cells provide what

cell mediated adaptive immunity

NK cells are present where and do what

blood, lymph nodes, and spleen; recognize, bind to, and kill cells that are infected with intracellular pathogens

what cells may play a role in cancer surveillance and control

NK clls

NK cells provide what

innate (inborn) immunity

what are the central (primary) lymphoid tissues

bone marrow and thymus

what happens in bone marrow as a lymphoid tissue

development of lymphocyte progenitor cells and maturation of B cells

what happens in the thymus as a lymphoid tissue

maturation of T cells

what are the peripheral (secondary) lymphoid tissues

lymph nodes, spleen, and mucosa associated lymphoid tissue (MALT)

components of the spleen as they relate to lymphoid tissues

white pulp contains concentrated areas of B and T cells, whereas the red pulp contains blood vessels and acts as a filter by removing pathogens and senescent erythrocytes

mucosa associated lymphoid tissue are located where

GI tract, respiratory tract, and genitourinary system

where are t cells located in the lymph node structure

pericortex

what are non-neoplastic disorders

noncancerous disorders of WBCs

disorders that involve what are most common and what are some examples

neutrophils and lymphocytes; neutropenia, neutrophilic leukocytosis, lymphocytopenia, and lymphocytic leukocytosis

disorders that involve what or what are relatively less common and disorders that involve what are rare

monocytes or eosinophils; basophils

what is neutropenia

abnormally low number of neutrophils

severe reduction of neutrophils to less than 100/ml is what

agranulocytosis

what is the etiology of neutropenia

cancer chemotherapy and radiation therapy, autoimmune disorders, and overwhelming bloodstream ifnection that uses up neutrophils faster than they can be produced

patients become prone to what in neutropenia

recurrent infections (usually bacterial or fungal)--infections may last for a long time and utreated infections can sometimes be fatal

what is the characteristic feature of neutropenia

lack of pus formation at the site of infection and or signs of inflammation, both of which require an adequate number of neutrophils

what is the treatment of neutropenia

antimicrobial agents, specific hematopoietic growth factors

what is neutrophilic leukocytosis

abnormally high number of neutrophils

what is the most common cause of neutrophilic leukocytosis

normal response of the body to a bacterial or fungal infection

what is the etiology of neutrophilic leukocytosis

injuries such as fractures or burns and autoimmune disorders

what are the specific signs and symptoms of neutrophilic leukocytosis

none

what is the treatment of neutrophilic leukocytosis

focus on underlying cause

what is the definition of lymphocytopenia

abnormally low number of lymphocytes

lymphocytopenia may be what

acute (temporary) or chornic (long-term)

what is the etiology of lymphocytopenia

cancer chemotherapy and radation therapy, autoimmune disorders, periods of severe malnutrition, and chronic infections like HIV and disseminated TB

patients become prone to what in lymphocytopenia

recurrent infections (usually viral), infections may last for a long time, and untreated infections can sometimes be fatal

how does diagnosis occur for lymphocytopenia

usually by chance when a complete blood count is done for some other reason

in lymphocytopenia, decreases could involve what

B cells, T cells or NK cells

what is the treatment for lymphocytopenia

antimicrobial agents, gamma globulins (substances rich in antibodies) to prevent recurrent infections

what is lymphocytic leukocytosis

abnormally high number of lymphocytes

lymphocytic leukocytosis increases could involve what

B cells, T cells or NK cells