LEC 10-11: Muscular system (Appendicular)

Vocabulary flashcards covering key muscles, bones, nerves, and connective tissues from the lecture notes.

Pectoralis major

Large chest muscle that flexes, adducts, and medially rotates the arm.

Pectoralis minor

Thin chest muscle that protracts and depresses the scapula; stabilizes the scapula against the thorax.

Serratus anterior

Protracts and stabilizes the scapula; assists in upward rotation of the scapula.

Subclavius

Small muscle beneath the clavicle that depresses and stabilizes the clavicle.

Latissimus dorsi

Broad back muscle that extends, adducts, and medially rotates the arm; assists in trunk elevation during climbing.

Trapezius

Back/neck muscle that elevates, depresses, retracts, and rotates the scapula; extends the neck.

Levator scapulae

Elevates the scapula and helps rotate the scapula to depress the glenoid cavity.

Rhomboid major

Retracts and elevates the scapula; fixes scapula to thoracic wall.

Rhomboid minor

Retracts and elevates the scapula; assists in scapular stabilization.

Deltoid

Shoulder muscle; major abductor of the arm; anterior and posterior fibers aid flexion and extension.

Supraspinatus

Rotator cuff muscle; initiates arm abduction and stabilizes the shoulder.

Infraspinatus

Rotator cuff muscle; laterally rotates the arm and stabilizes the shoulder.

Teres minor

Rotator cuff muscle; laterally rotates the arm and stabilizes the shoulder.

Subscapularis

Rotator cuff muscle; medially rotates the arm and stabilizes the shoulder.

Coracobrachialis

Flexes and adducts the arm; located in the axilla.

Teres major

Adducts and medially rotates the arm; assists latissimus dorsi.

Biceps brachii

Two-headed elbow flexor; also supinates the forearm.

Brachialis

Primary elbow flexor; lies deep to the biceps.

Brachioradialis

Flexes the elbow; stabilizes the forearm in a neutral position.

Triceps brachii

Elbow extensor with three heads (lateral, long, medial).

Flexor digitorum superficialis

Flexes the middle phalanges of the fingers and flexes the wrist.

Flexor digitorum profundus

Flexes distal phalanges; assists in wrist flexion.

Flexor carpi radialis

Flexes and abducts the hand at the wrist.

Flexor carpi ulnaris

Flexes and adducts the hand at the wrist.

Extensor carpi radialis longus

Extends and abducts the hand at the wrist.

Pronator teres

PrONates the forearm; weakly flexes the elbow.

Pronator quadratus

Pronates the forearm; deep distal forearm muscle.

Supinator

Supinates the forearm; works with the biceps brachii.

Thenar muscles

Thumb muscles responsible for movement including opposition, abduction, and flexion.

Flexor pollicis longus

Flexes the thumb.

Lumbricals

Intrinsic hand muscles that flex the metacarpophalangeal joints and extend the interphalangeal joints.

Origin of iliopsoas

Composite of psoas major and iliacus; primary hip flexor.

Tensor fasciae latae

Abducts and flexes the hip; tightens the iliotibial band to stabilize the knee.

Sartorius

Flexes, abducts, and laterally rotates the hip; flexes the knee.

Gluteus medius

Abducts the thigh and stabilizes the pelvis during gait.

Gluteus minimus

Abducts and medially rotates the thigh; stabilizes pelvis.

Gluteus maximus

Extends and externally rotates the thigh; powerful hip extensor.

Adductor longus

Adducts and flexes the thigh.

Adductor brevis

Adducts the thigh; assists in flexion.

Adductor magnus

Adducts and extends the thigh; large medial thigh muscle.

Vastus lateralis

Extends the knee; part of the quadriceps femoris.

Biceps femoris

Hamstring; extends the hip and flexes the knee (long and short heads).

Semitendinosus

Hamstring; extends the thigh and flexes the knee; inserts on the pes anserinus.

Semimembranosus

Hamstring; extends the thigh and flexes the knee; inserts on the medial tibial condyle.

Rectus femoris

Quadriceps component; extends the knee and flexes the hip.

Gastrocnemius

Calf muscle; plantarflexes the foot and crosses the knee.

Soleus

Plantarflexes the foot; powerful in standing.

Tibialis anterior

Dorsiflexes and inverts the foot.

Fibularis (peroneus) longus

Everts and plantarflexes the foot; runs along the fibula to the sole.

Fibularis (peroneus) brevis

Everts the foot and assists in plantarflexion.

Tibialis posterior

Inverts the foot and plantarflexes; supports the arch.

Flexor digitorum longus

Flexes the toes; plantarflexes the foot.

Flexor hallucis longus

Flexes the big toe; plantarflexes the foot.

Iliotibial band (IT band)

Thick fascia on the lateral thigh; stabilizes hip and knee.

Tarsal tunnel

Anatomical passage behind the medial malleolus for tendons, tibial nerve, and vessels.

Flexor retinaculum

Fibrous band forming the carpal tunnel by spanning the wrist; attaches to the scaphoid, trapezium laterally and pisiform, hook of hamate medially.

Carpal tunnel

Wrist passage formed by carpal bones and flexor retinaculum through which tendons and median nerve pass.

Greater tubercle of humerus

Lateral proximal humerus prominence; insertion sites for supraspinatus, infraspinatus, and teres minor.

Lesser tubercle of humerus

Medial proximal humerus prominence; insertion site for subscapularis.

Olecranon process

Prominent posterior part of ulna; insertion for the triceps brachii.

Medial epicondyle

Medial humeral prominence; origin for many forearm flexor muscles.

Lateral epicondyle

Lateral humeral prominence; origin for many forearm extensor muscles.