Chapter 9 Presidential Leadership

mandate

expressed will of the people that grants authority to elected officials to implement their policies.

forum

a platform for discussion and debate where various viewpoints can be presented and considered in the public sphere.

executive order

a directive issued by the President of the United States to manage the operations of the federal government.

impoundment

the president's practice of refusing to spend funds that have been appropriated by Congress.

reprieve

postponement of legal punishment or the cancellation of a penalty, typically granted by a president or governor.

pardon

release from legal punishment granted by the president, typically for a federal crime, restoring the individual's rights.

amnesty

a general pardon for offenses, often involving a group of people.

patronage

The practice of granting government jobs or favors to political supporters and allies in return for their support.

treaty

a formal agreement between countries, typically requiring ratification by the Senate.

executive agreement

An international agreement between the President and a foreign government that does not require Senate approval, often used for routine matters.

de facto

in fact or in practice, but not formally recognized

covert

operations that are not openly acknowledged or displayed, often used for national security purposes.

executive privilege

The right of the president to keep certain communications confidential, especially those relating to national security and decision-making, in order to protect executive branch functions.