Bio 1300 - Exam 3

chpts 33,34,35, covering invertebrate animals, chordates and vertebrates,

protostomes

the zygote cleavage is spiral and determinate, develops into mouth

apical (primary) meristems

on tips of roots and shoots

lateral (secondary) meristems

along the sides of roots and shoots

primary plant growth

• produces primary plant body; dermal, vascular, grand tissue

• allows for extension of roots + shoots

secondary plant growth

• increase in diameter

• produces key constituents of wood + bark

deuterostomes

the zygote cleavage is radial and indeterminate, develops into anus

asymmetry

no plane of symmetry

ex - sponges

radial symmetry

• ALL aquatic

• often circular or tubular

• ex - jellyfish and comb jellies

• can be divided evenly by a longitudinal plane passing thru their central axis

bilateral symmetry

• top/bottom

• left/right

• two-sided

• head and tail end

• tend to concentrate sensory organs in their anterior end

ectoderm

outermost of the three germ layers that develop in embryo

endoderm

innermost of the three germ layers that develop in embryo

mesoderm

middle layer of the three germ layers that develop in embryo

make diff cards for each phyla + taxa of invertebrates

hermaphrodites

individuals with both male and female reproductive organs, asexually produce by themselves

complete digestive tract

both mouth and anus

open circulatory system

blood (hemolymph) directly touching organs

closed circulatory system

blood contained in blood vessels

acoelomates

solid body with no cavities

ex - flatworms

pseudocoelomates

cavity between endoderm and mesoderm

coelomates

body cavity surrounded by mesoderm

arthropods

• jointed feet

• hard exoskeleton

• segmentation

• several million, at least 1 million named

• exoskeleton (made of chitin + protein) = cuticle (provides protection, water resistance, smth for muscles to work against)

• have to molt in order to grow (limits their growth)

• sensor organs concentrated on head

• open circulatory system

• complete digestive system

• brain

chordate characteristics

ALL chordates have these characteristics at SOME POINT during development

• dorsal hollow nerve chord (spinal chord)

• notochord - flexible and between nerve chord and digestive system

• pharyngeal slits

• segmented muscles

• postanal tail

subphylum cephalochordata

• looks like small fish

• ALL marine

• filter feeders

• No brain (minimal)

• ex - lancelets

• NOT a vertebrate

subphylum urochordata

• the tunicates

• includes sea squirts and salps

• adults are filter feeding bags

• the larvae look like tadpoles and have ALL of the chordate characteristics

• ALL marine

subphylum vertebrata

• around 60,000 known species

vertebrate characteristics

• vertebral column

• cranium

• living endoskeleton made of bone or cartilage

• closed circulatory system

• 2-4 chambered heart

• variety of internal organs (ex paired kidneys)

• an advanced, adaptive immune system

• neural crest

the cyclostomes

• class

• “circle mouth”

• jawless vertebrates

• no vertebral column (degenerative anatomy)

hagfish/slime eels

• jawless (“circle mouth”)

• marine scavengers or predators to invertebrates (more known for scavenging)

• secrete mucus/slime for defense (blows up with sea water)

lampreys

• marine and freshwater

• they have eyes

• jawless vertebrate (“circle mouth)

• larvae are filter feeders

• some adults are parasitic/predators to fish while others don’t feed

• sea lampreys (harmful) have become a big problem to the great lakes

• sea lampreys breed in fresh water and adapt

gnathostomes - jawed fish

• jaw mouth

• vertebrates with jaws

• paired appendages

• jaws may have evolved from gill supports, the hard supports for gill arches

class chondrichthyes - cartilaginous fish

• sharks, rays, and ratfish

• cartilaginous skeletons

• have electric field detectors

oviparous

egg layer

ovoviviparous

eggs develop internally

viviparous

the young develop in a uterus nourished by a placenta

bony fish characteristics

• gills covered with operculum

• many have swim bladder to control buoyancy

amphibians

• frogs, toads, salamanders, and caecilians

• partly terrestrial, eggs must stay in water (larval stage aquatic)

• evolved legs

• ectotherms - take on the temp of their surroundings “cold blooded”

reptiles (traditional)

traditional was known as class reptilia and included turtles, lizards, snakes, crocodiles, and many extinct taxa

• most are completely terrestrial

• evolved amniotic egg that can survive on land

• ectotherms

• keratinized, waterproof skin

reptiles (new classifications)

class - testudines

• turtles

• no teeth

• have a shell

class - squamata

• lizards and snakes

birds - class aves

• have feathers for flying, insulation, and display

• endothermic, generate body heat aka “warm-blooded”

• 4 chambered heart, but different from the one humans have

• very efficient lungs (for flying, duh)

features of birds

• hollow bones

• no teeth

• short tail

• one ovary (gotta be as compact + aerodynamic as possible)

• atrophied reproductive organs outside of breeding season

• incredibly strong breast muscles

reptiles (original classifications) - class reptilia + features

• turtles, lizards, snakes, and crocodiles

• most are completely terrestrial

• evolved amniotic egg that can survive on land

• ectotherms

• waterproof skin (keratinized, dry/leathery)

features of mammals

• have hair

• nurse their young

• anucleate (no nucleus) red blood cells

• viviparous

• 4 chambered hearts

• enlarged brains

• endothermic

• one piece lower jaw

• variety of teeth

• horns + antlers

• large herbivores

monocots (2nd largest class)

• one seed leaf

• parallel veins in leaf (xylem and phloem)

• scattered vascular bundles in stems

• usually fibrous root system

• flower parts in 3’s

eudicots (1st largest class)

• two seed leaves

• net-like veins

• vascular bundles arranged in a ring

• taproot usually present

• flower parts usually in 4’s or 5’s

differences between monocots and eudicots

fibrous root system

an extensive network of roots that DO NOT penetrate very deeply into the ground

adventitious roots

• prop roots

• extend above ground

• give additional support

parts of a stem

nodes - leaves are attached

internodes - between nodes

axiliary buds - intersection of stem + leaves

terminal (apical) buds - located at the tip of a growing stem

stolons (modified stem)

horizontal stems that allow plants to spread (above ground)

rhizomes (modified stem)

horizontal underground stems

tubers (modified stem)

ends of rhizomes modified for food storage ex. potatoes

bulbs (modified stem)

vertical underground stems ex. tulips

corms (modified stem)

short, swollen stems

thorns (modified stem)

ex. hawthorns

simple leaves

a single induvial leaf

compound leaves

divided into many leaflets

modified leaves

tendrils, cactus spines, succulent leaves, bracts (poinsettia), bud scales, flower ports

parenchyma

• relatively undifferentiated

• involved in metabolic functions (photosynthesis)

collenchyma

• provides support for the growing portion of a plant

sclerenchyma cells

• provide support

• lignin

xylem

• two types of cells; tracheid’s and vessel elements

• dead when fully functional, consists of fibers

• grows inward

phloem

• grows outward

• living sieve-tube elements

biennials

live 2 years, growth first year, flower second

perennials

plants that live more than 1 year

annuals

live 1 year

meristems

growing tissue

cambium

cork -

• secondary tissue that replaces epidermis on a stem

• forms outer layer of bark (the cork)

what kind of epithelial tissue is this?

stratified squamous

what kind of epithelial tissue is this?

stratified cuboidal

what kind of epithelial tissue is this?

stratified columnar

what kind of epithelial tissue is this?

simple columnar

what kind of epithelial tissue is this?

simple cuboidal

what kind of epithelial tissue is this?

simple squamous

negative feedback

ex. sweating

positive feedback

ex. contractions

animal metabolism

standard and basal

basal - endotherms at rest