ANAPHY 13

Ingestion

Which process refers to the entry of food into the alimentary canal?

Mouth

Which digestive organ begins chemical digestion of carbohydrates?

Lingual glands

Lingual lipase is secreted by the:

Mechanical digestion

What type of digestion involves chewing and churning of food?

Peristalsis

Which movement propels food through the digestive tract?

Pharynx

Which structure connects the oral cavity to the esophagus?

Bolus

What is the term for the rounded mass of chewed food?

Absorption

Which process occurs mainly in the small intestine?

Defecation

What digestive process removes undigested material from the body?

Stomach

Which organ absorbs some fat-soluble substances like alcohol?

Liver

Which organ produces bile?

Emulsifies lipids

What is the function of bile?

Gallbladder

Which organ stores and concentrates bile?

Bicarbonate

What substance neutralizes acidic chyme in the duodenum?

Gastrin

Which digestive hormone stimulates gastric acid secretion?

Stomach mucosa

Where is gastrin produced?

Cholecystokinin (CCK)

What hormone stimulates the release of bile and pancreatic enzymes?

Somatostatin

Which hormone inhibits gastric secretion?

Absorption of vitamin B12

What is the main function of intrinsic factor?

Parietal cells

Intrinsic factor is secreted by:

Pepsin

Which enzyme begins protein digestion?

Chief cells

Pepsinogen is secreted by:

Hydrochloric acid

What activates pepsinogen into pepsin?

Acidic semi-fluid mixture

What is chyme?

Oblique muscle

Which stomach layer allows vigorous churning?

Mechanical and chemical digestion

The digestive system breaks food down mainly through which processes?

. Mouth

Which organ begins the chemical digestion of carbohydrates?

Tongue

Lingual lipase is secreted by the:

Propel food to the esophagus

The main digestive function of the pharynx is to:

Wave-like muscle contractions that move food

Peristalsis is best described as:

Swallowing (deglutition)

Which digestive process is voluntary only at the beginning?

CHYME

A mixture of food and gastric juice

SMALL INTESTINE

Most nutrient absorption occurs in the:

Lacteals

Most nutrient absorption occurs in the:

Anus

Defecation occurs at the:

Ingestion

The entry of food into the digestive tract is called:

Propulsion

The movement of food through the alimentary canal is known as:

Physical breakdown of food

Mechanical digestion involves:

Enzymatic action

Chemical digestion primarily involves:

Defecation

The removal of undigested food from the body is called:

Buccinator

Which muscle helps keep food inside the mouth during chewing?

Palate

The roof of the mouth is known as the:

Hard palate

The bony anterior part of the palate is the:

Uvula

Which structure prevents food from entering the nasal cavity during swallowing?

Fungiform papillae

Taste buds are found mainly on:

.

Filiform

Which papillae provide friction but do not contain taste buds?

Salivary amylase

The enzyme that begins carbohydrate digestion in saliva is:

water

Saliva is composed mostly of:

IgA

Which immunoglobulin in saliva provides antimicrobial protection?

Deciduous teeth

Baby teeth are also known as:

32

How many permanent teeth does an adult normally have?

Incisors

Teeth used primarily for cutting food are the:

Enamel

The hardest substance in the human body is:

Epiglottis

Which structure prevents food from entering the trachea?

Stomach

The esophagus connects the pharynx to the:

Lower esophageal sphincter

The sphincter that prevents acid reflux is the:

GERD

Difficulty in closure of the lower esophageal sphincter may lead to:

Swallowing

Deglutition refers to:

Three

How many phases are involved in deglutition?

Oral phase

The voluntary phase of swallowing is also called the:

Deglutition apnea

Temporary cessation of breathing during swallowing is called:

Chyme

The stomach mixes food to form:.

Pylorus

Which stomach region connects to the duodenum?

Hydrochloric acid and intrinsic factor

Parietal cells secrete:

Vitamin B12

Intrinsic factor is necessary for absorption of:

Pepsin

The primary protein-digesting enzyme in the stomach is:

Gastrin

Which hormone stimulates gastric acid secretion?

Mix food and begin protein digestion

The primary digestive role of the stomach is to:

Small intestine

The main site of digestion and absorption is the:

Cecum

The three regions of the small intestine include all EXCEPT:

Hepatopancreatic ampulla

Bile and pancreatic juice enter the duodenum at the:

Sphincter of Oddi

The sphincter that regulates bile flow is the:

Villi and microvilli

Which structures greatly increase the surface area for absorption?

. Microvilli

The brush border of the intestine is formed by:

Cecum

The first part of the large intestine is the:

. Cecum

The appendix is attached to the:

. Teniae coli

The longitudinal muscle bands of the colon are called:

Haustra

Pouches formed in the colon due to muscle tone are:

Absorption of water and electrolytes

The primary function of the large intestine is:

Vitamin K

Bacteria in the colon synthesize which vitamin?

Rectum

The final storage area for feces is the:

Smooth muscle

The involuntary anal sphincter is composed of:

Skeletal muscle

The voluntary anal sphincter is composed of:

Flatus

Gas produced in the colon is known as:

Flatulence

Excessive gas accumulation is termed:

Eating

. The gastrocolic reflex increases colon activity after:

Constipation

Dietary fiber helps prevent:

Vitamin B12

Which vitamin requires intrinsic factor?

Pancreas

What organ produces digestive enzymes and bicarbonate?

Inactivated by acid

What happens to salivary amylase in the stomach?

uvula

Which structure prevents food from entering the nasal cavity?

buccinator

What muscle helps keep food in the mouth during chewing?

Sublingual

Which salivary gland produces thick mucus-rich saliva?

Parotid

Which salivary gland produces watery, amylase-rich saliva?

Parasympathetic

Which nervous system stimulates salivation?

Sympathetic stimulation

What causes dry mouth during stress?

1-1.5 L

How much saliva is produced daily on average?

Mucosal barrier

What protects the stomach from self-digestion?

Every 3-6 days

How often is stomach epithelium replaced?